Nitrate is a key component of the global nitrogen cycle and an important source of available nitrogen for plants. It is of great significance to study the transformation process of nitrate to improve the productivity of ecosystems, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction is the main path of nitrate transformation in the natural environment. At the same time, the large input of nitrate nitrogen has led to multiple eco-environmental problems, garnering increasing attention. Denitrification is the main process of nitrate nitrogen removal in the environment. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction as the first step in denitrification provides substrates for subsequent reduction reactions. Studying nitrate reduction processes can deepen the understanding of microbial denitrification. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction is co-catalyzed by membrane-bound nitrate reductase (Nar) and periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap), which showcase differences in structure, cellular localization, reaction mechanism, gene regulation, and responses to environmental factors. Therefore, the two enzymes may have differences in the catalysis of nitrate reduction. This paper systematically compares Nar and Nap in the above aspects, aiming to improve our understanding of the development dynamics of nitrate in the system.

Depression is a prevalent mental health disorder with rising incidence annually. In recent years, the application of lactic acid bacteria as a therapy for depression has garnered great attention. A growing body of animal and human studies has confirmed the antidepressive efficacy of lactic acid bacteria. Studies have revealed that lactic acid bacteria can mitigate the intestinal flora imbalance induced by depression, thereby modulating the behaviors and moods of the host. This review summarized the effects and mechanisms of lactic acid bacteria on depression and discusses the sources of lactic acid bacteria isolated for treating depression, aiming to offer novel perspectives for research on the antidepressive properties of lactic acid bacteria.

As global warming intensifies, high temperatures become one of the main factors leading to the declines in crop yields worldwide. Crop yields and sustainable agricultural development are severely constrained by heat stress. It is far from enough to improve crop tolerance to high temperatures only depending on the physiological response of plants. Rhizosphere microorganisms that closely interact with plants play an important role in plant development and stress tolerance, demonstrating great application potential. Focusing on the colonization of adaptive microorganisms under heat stress and the beneficial effects of microorganisms on plants, this article reviews the effects of heat stress on plant growth and the responses of plants to heat stress. Furthermore, this article clarifies the research status of microorganism-mediated crop tolerance to heat stress, which has guiding significance for the application of microorganisms in improving plant growth and crop tolerance to high temperatures.

[Background] Nano-particles produced by microorganisms in situ can enhance oil recovery. [Objective] To study the effects of iron nano-particles produced by microorganisms in situ on oil recovery by combining microbial production of nanoparticles with the technology of nano-fluids enhancing oil recovery. [Methods] We isolated the strains from shale rock debris and identified the strains by genome sequencing. Subsequently, we established the standard curve of Fe(II) concentration by the o-phenanthroline method to determine the Fe(III) reduction ability of the strain, and characterized the morphology and particle size of nano-particles produced by strain interaction with hematite (Fe₂O₃) by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Zeta potential analysis. Finally, we investigated the ability of the nano-particles to enhance oil recovery by determining the dynamic wetting angle at oil/water/rock interface and conducting oil droplet stripping and transport experiments. [Results] The isolated strain was identified as Shewanella chilikensis FR1. FR1 could rapidly reduce Fe₂O₃, with the iron reduction rate reaching 65.26%. After the strain was interacted with Fe₂O₃ for 10 days, a large number of spherical nano-particles were observed on the surface of hematite on the bacterial cell walls, inside of the cells, and eaten by bacteria. The particles with the size >1 000 nm accounted for 88.05% in the blank control without strain inoculation, and those in the bacterial inoculation group mainly had the size of 10–1 000 nm. The nanoparticles in the oil-rock interface could obviously change the wettability of oil-wetted interfaces and effectively strip crude oil on the solid interface. The nano-particles generated by FR1 in situ could be used for core flooding, decreasing the surface tension of the aqueous phase of the discharged fluid to 27.9–28.6 mN/m and increasing the oil recovery to 16.38%–17.76%. [Conclusion] The results of this study provide a new technical idea for microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR).

[Background] Cadmium pollution has seriously threatened the environment and life safety of human beings. In recent years, microbial remediation has demonstrated great application potential due to its high safety, simple operation, effectiveness, low costs, and environmental friendliness. [Objective] To screen cadmium-tolerant microorganisms from cadmium-polluted soil and water and provide elite strains for the remediation of cadmium-polluted environments. [Methods] A total of 128 strains exhibiting tolerance to cadmium were isolated and identified from cadmium-polluted soil and water by gradient dilution and plate streaking methods. A highly cadmium-tolerant strain HGX-24 was successfully screened by 16S rRNA gene sequencing combined with the cadmium tolerance and genetic stability assays. The biological characteristics and cadmium tolerance properties of this strain were analyzed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and quantification of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins were employed to gain insights into the cadmium tolerance mechanism of HGX-24. Pot experiments were conducted to explore the application effect of HGX-24 in the remediation of cadmium pollution. [Results] The comparative genomic analysis revealed that the homology between the isolated strain HGX-24 and previously reported strains was below 97.0%, identifying HGX-24 as a strain of Chryseobacterium. This strain demonstrated exceptional cadmium tolerance, being capable of tolerating 350 mg/L cadmium and exhibiting genetic stability. It can adsorb cadmium through the secretion of extracellular soluble proteins and binding to chemical functional groups present on the bacterial surface. Moreover, it could alleviate the oxidative stress of maize under cadmium stress. [Conclusion] The cadmium-tolerant strain HGX-24 exhibits considerable potential for the remediation of cadmium-polluted soil and water and gives full play to the advantages of bacteria in the remediation of cadmium-polluted farmland.

[Background] In recent years, the soil salinization in Daqing has become increasingly serious, which threatens crop growth. The presence of plant growth-promoting bacteria with saline-alkali tolerance can alleviate the saline-alkali stress on crops. [Objective] To obtain the strain resources with soda saline-alkali tolerance from rice rhizosphere soil for improving rice tolerance to saline-alkali environments and promote rice growth. [Methods] The modified medium was used for screening of saline-alkali-tolerant bacteria, the ability of which to promote plant growth was determined in a functional medium. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the genomic information of the strain was analyzed based on the whole genome sequence. [Results] The strain NP36 was screened out and identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was capable of growing in the LB medium at pH 3.0−11.0 and soda salts of 80−200 mmol/L. Strain NP36 had the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid, the concentration of which reached up to (87.27±0.11) mg/L. In addition, it had the ability to solubilize inorganic phosphorus, with a maximum available phosphorus increment of (93.22±1.94) mg/L. Compared with the treatment of seed soaking with sterile water, the seed soaking with 1.0×10⁷ CFU/mL bacterial suspension significantly promoted the growth of radicle and lateral roots of rice. The whole genome sequence analysis showed that strain NP36 carried the genes for the synthesis of organic acids and the transport of phosphates. In addition, the genes related to amino acid synthesis and K⁺ transport were also identified in the genome of strain NP36. The results indicated that strain NP36 could respond to saline-alkali stress by redox reaction and maintenance of osmotic pressure. [Conclusion] We verified the rice growth-promoting ability of strain NP36 and analyzed the mechanism of phosphorus dissolution and saline-alkali tolerance of strain NP36 at the genome level. The findings provide a theoretical basis and strain resources for the development of biofertilizer based on the bacteria with saline-alkali tolerance and plant growth-promoting effects.

[Background] Colletotrichum graminicola is a pathogenic fungus that poses threats to crops such as Zea mays. Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) play a crucial role in signal transduction of filamentous fungi, with the G protein α subunit being a major component. [Objective] This study identified the G protein α subunit (group III) CgrGa3 in C. graminicola and investigate its role in the growth and development of this pathogen. [Methods] CgrGa3-deleted mutants were constructed by gene knockout. The phenotypes of the mutants were characterized, including the hyphal growth, stress responses, conidial production, conidial germination, and pathogenicity. [Results] CgrGa3 encoded a protein composed of 355 residues and containing a G_alpha domain. The CgrGa3-deleted mutants exhibited inhibited growth, increased sensitivity to NaCl, KCl and H₂O₂, and reduced production and germination rates of oval and falcate conidia. Additionally, the pathogenicity of the mutants was markedly weakened. The complementation of this gene restored these phenotypic defects. [Conclusion] CgrGa3 plays a critical role in regulating the vegetative growth, stress responses, asexual development, and pathogenicity of C. graminicola.

[Background] The overuse and misuse of antibiotics accelerate the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and pose a threat to global health and development. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new antibiotics. Rheum tanguticum, a Chinese medicinal herb, contains a variety of active ingredients and has antimicrobial, antiviral, hemostatic, cholagogic, and antitumor effects. Endophytes of medicinal plants can produce the same or similar metabolites in the long-term evolution with their hosts, becoming an important source for the development of new drugs. [Objective] To explore the diversity of endophytic bacteria in R. tanguticum and screen out the bacteria with antibacterial activity, thus providing microbial resources for the development of natural antibacterial drugs. [Methods] The endophytic bacteria were isolated by dilution coating on three culture media and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The agar block method was used to screen the endophytic bacteria with antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activities and whole genome sequences of the strains screened out were determined. [Results] A total of 100 strains of endophytic bacteria were isolated from R. tanguticum, belonging to 43 genera, 26 families, 17 orders, 8 classes of 4 phyla, of which Firmicutes was the dominant phylum (35%) and Bacillus (9%) was the dominant genus. The preliminary screening results showed that 13 strains exerted inhibitory effects on different pathogens, and one of them, RTM5-22, had strong inhibitory effects on 5 pathogenic bacteria. The crude n-butanol extract of the fermentation broth of RTM5-22 showed inhibitory activities against 7 pathogens. The genome of RTM5-22 contained the gene clusters for synthesizing secondary metabolites such as polyketones and terpenes, ribosomes, and post-translational modified peptides. [Conclusion] There are rich endophytic bacteria in R. tanguticum. We isolated a number of strains with excellent antibacterial activities, which provides data support for the follow-up study of endophytic bacteria from R. tanguticum. The metabolites of RTM5-22 have broad-spectrum antibacterial activities, which can provide resources for mining new and efficient natural antibacterial substances.

[Background] The type VI secretion system (T6SS) with wide distribution in Gram-negative bacteria plays important roles in bacterial colonization, environmental adaptation, and bacterium-host interactions. T6SS is crucial for the pathogenicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. [Objective] To investigate the physiological and biochemical characteristics and the biological function of the potential effector TseN encoded by the T6SS gene cluster of Y. pseudotuberculosis. [Methods] The bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify the potential T6SS effector TseN and its immune protein TsiN. Recombinant plasmids were constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli, and growth curves were established to evaluate the toxicity of TseN to bacteria and the immune activity of TsiN. The bacterial two-hybrid system was used to verify the interaction between TseN and TsiN. The in vitro DNA nuclease activity assay was employed to confirm the DNA nuclease activity of the purified TseN. Y. pseudotuberculosis mutant with tseN deletion (ΔtseN) was constructed by homologous recombination, and a complemented strain (ΔtseN(tseN)) was generated to examine the roles of TseN in bacterial competition and stress resistance. [Results] The expression of TseN significantly inhibited the growth of E. coli, which was restored in the strain co-expressing TseN and TsiN. The result indicated that TsiN neutralized the toxicity of TseN by direct interaction. TseN could bind to DNA and exhibited Mn²⁺-dependent DNA nuclease activity. Compared with the wild-type strain, ΔtseN showed significantly reduced ability in mediating intra- or inter-species bacterial competition, and its biofilm formation was significantly affected. In addition, ΔtseN showcased decreased survival rate under high salt, low pH, and other stress conditions, with partial recovery observed in the complemented strain. [Conclusion] TseN is a Mn²⁺-dependent DNA nuclease secreted by the T6SS of Y. pseudotuberculosis, with strong toxicity to bacteria. TsiN is the immune protein of TseN, protecting Y. pseudotuberculosis from the toxic effects of TseN. TseN play a role in the bacterial competition of Y. pseudotuberculosis by helping the bacterium occupy ecological niches, promoting biofilm formation, and enhancing tolerance to stress conditions such as high salt and low pH.

[Background] Colletotrichum graminicola is a pathogenic fungus that can absorb nutrients from host’s living cells or by destroying host’s cells. It mainly parasitizes on gramineae plants and can infect these plants, causing anthracnose. [Objective] To identify a C2H2-type transcription factor CgrFlbC and elucidate its biological functions in C. graminicola, thus laying a theoretical foundation for further understanding the infection mechanism of FlbC in this pathogen. [Methods] Homologous recombination was employed to construct the CgrflbC-deleted strain and complementation strain. The phenotypes of the strains were analyzed, including hyphal development, the integrity of the cell wall, the response to the oxidation stress, the generation of conidial and germination, and the formation of attached branches. [Results] CgrflbC encoded a protein composed of 399 amino acid residues with two C2H2 zinc finger domains. Compared with the wild-type strain, ΔCgrflbC exhibited slow growth and increased sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and H₂O₂. In addition, ΔCgrflbC displayed increased oval conidial production, decreased germination rate and falcate conidial production, and inability of forming hyphopodia. [Conclusion] CgrFlbC is involved in regulating the vegetative growth, cell wall integrity, oxidative stress response, conidial production, germination, and hyphopodium formation of C. graminicola. The findings lay a theoretical foundation for in-depth research on the infection mechanism of C. graminicola.

[Background] Rhizosphere microbiomes significantly influence plant cadmium (Cd) tolerance and accumulation. [Objective] To assess the effects of rhizosphere microbiome transplantation on the growth and Cd accumulation of maize cultivars with different Cd accumulation capacities. [Methods] Two maize cultivars, ‘Panyu 3’ with high Cd accumulation and ‘Ludan 16’ with low Cd accumulation, in the farmland exposed to lead-zinc mine contamination were selected. The structure of the rhizosphere bacterial community was analyzed. Subsequently, a pot experiment of rhizosphere microbiome transplantation was conducted to assess the growth and Cd accumulation in the two maize cultivars post transplantation. [Results] The rhizosphere bacterial communities of both maize cultivars exhibited similar composition, being dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinomycetota, and Acidobacteriota at the phylum level and Streptomyces, Nocardioides, and Marmoricola at the genus level. The dominant genera presented distinct variations in relative abundance between the two cultivars. Notably, Paenarthrobacter exhibited a significantly greater abundance in the rhizosphere of ‘Panyu 3’ than in the rhizosphere of ‘Ludan 16’. The transplantation experiment demonstrated that the rhizosphere microbiome from the maize cultivar with low Cd accumulation enhanced the root biomass, transpiration rate, and root intersection number by 26.3%, 31.3%, and 462%, respectively, and reduced the Cd translocation factor by 58.5% in the maize cultivar with high Cd accumulation. The rhizosphere microbiome from the maize cultivar with high Cd accumulation diminished the plant height, biomass, and aboveground Cd accumulation by 15.0%, 21.3%, and 61.6%, respectively, in the maize cultivar with low Cd accumulation. Mantel analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinomycetota, and Acidobacteriota in the rhizosphere of ‘Ludan 16’ had positive correlations with the Cd content and accumulation and negative correlations with the plant height and biomass of ‘Panyu 3’. The relative abundance of Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota, and Gemmatimonadota in the rhizosphere of ‘Panyu 3’ was positively correlated with the plant height, biomass, and translocation factor of ‘Ludan 16’. [Conclusion] The rhizosphere microbiome from the maize cultivar with low Cd accumulation significantly facilitates Cd sequestration in the roots of the maize cultivar with high Cd accumulation, augmenting maize tolerance to Cd. Rhizosphere microbiomes exert specific regulatory effects on maize growth and Cd accumulation.

[Background] We have discovered that Pseudomonas aeruginosa HZ15 isolated from Macrobrochis gigas has a strong antagonistic effect against tobacco black shank. However, other biological activities of this strain remain to be explored. [Objective] To investigate the bioactivities of strain HZ15 in agriculture and provide a theoretical basis for the application of this strain in agricultural production and the development of biocontrol agents with this strain. [Methods] The agar diffusion method, plate confrontation, feeding method, bioassay, and pot and field experiments were employed to examine the antimicrobial, plant growth-promoting, insecticidal, and herbicidal (against ryegrass) activities of strain HZ15. [Results] Strain HZ15 showcased strong inhibitory activities against four species of plant pathogenic bacteria and the inhibition rates over 60% against 11 species of plant pathogenic fungi, exhibiting a broad antimicrobial spectrum. The pot experiment showed that the strain had a control effect of 52.48% against tobacco bacterial wilt, which was comparable to that of 52% chloroisobromine cyanuric acid·copper sulfate soluble powder diluted by 800 times. The field experiment showed that strain HZ15 significantly increased the number of tobacco leaves and the maximum leaf area. In addition, both strain HZ15 and its secondary metabolites exhibited strong toxicity against Solenopsis invicta and Caenorhabditis elegans, with the supernatant and bacterial culture showing the strongest toxic effects on S. invicta and C. elegans, respectively. In addition, strain HZ15 inhibited the germination of ryegrass by 63.80% and significantly reduced the root length, stem length, and fresh weight of ryegrass. [Conclusion] P. aeruginosa HZ15 possesses antimicrobial, plant growth-promoting, insecticidal, and ryegrass growth-inhibiting activities, demonstrating significant potential for application in agriculture and environmental management.

[Background] Fusarium wilt in watermelon, a serious soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), reduces watermelon quality and yield worldwide. [Objective] To determine whether a simple synthetic bacterial community has similar effects as a complex synthetic bacterial community, we assembled a simplified synthetic bacterial community for controlling Fusarium wilt in watermelon based on the screening of strains with the plant and pathogen. [Methods] The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real time fluorescence quantitative PCR were employed to analyze the effects of SynCom Q on the abundance of bacteria and Fon in watermelon roots and rhizosphere. Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the bacteria colonizing the roots and rhizosphere were identified, and a simplified synthetic community SynCom R was constructed. Pot experiments and antagonistic experiments were carried out to evaluate the control effect of SynCom R on Fusarium wilt in watermelon and the antagonistic activity of SynCom R against Fon, respectively. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of four bacterial species in SynCom R were evaluated by plate qualitative tests. The cross-feeding assay was employed to examine the effects of the four bacterial species in SynCom R on the growth of each other. [Results] The application of SynCom Q altered the structures of bacterial communities in watermelon roots and rhizosphere, and Chryseobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Rhizobium were enriched in watermelon roots and rhizosphere. SynCom Q increased the abundance of bacteria in the roots and rhizosphere and decreased the abundance of Fon in the rhizosphere. The joint screening with the plant and pathogen showed that Enterobacter ludwigii LSQ1, Acinetobacter pittii LSQ3, Bacillus velezensis LSQ19, and Bacillus velezensis WB could colonize the roots and rhizosphere of watermelon, and thus SynCom R consisting of E. ludwigii LSQ1, A. pittii LSQ3, B. velezensis LSQ19, and B. velezensis WB was assembled. Compared with single bacterial species and SynCom Q, SynCom R inhibited the growth of Fon. Pot experiments showed that SynCom R decreased the incidence of watermelon Fusarium wilt, with higher disease control effect higher than other bacterial communities. E. ludwigii LSQ1, A. pittii LSQ3, B. velezensis LSQ19, and B. velezensis WB were capable of producing extracellular enzymes and had other physiological functions. The cross-feeding assay showed that the metabolites of B. velezensis LSQ19 and B. velezensis WB promoted the growth of each other, while there was no significant inhibitory or promoting effect between other bacteria. [Conclusion] SynCom R can effectively control Fusarium wilt in watermelon and demonstrates a broad application prospect.

[Background] Populus tomentosa, belonging to the family Salicaceae, is a deciduous large tree. It has a wide planting area in China and is characterized by fast growth, high reproductive rate, and strong environmental adaptability. Exploring the characteristics and functions of endophytic bacteria from P. tomentosa holds significant guidance for agricultural production. [Objective] To explore the functional diversity of endophytic bacteria in P. tomentosa and provide excellent bacterial resources for efficient agricultural production. [Methods] We used DN, LB, CCM, and NA media to isolate endophytic bacteria from various tissues of the fast-growing plant P. tomentosa. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the bacterial strains were determined and used to build a phylogenetic tree. Potential plant growth-promoting characteristics such as nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, potassium release, siderophore production, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production of the strains were explored. The biochemical characteristics of the strains were determined. The strains with strong growth-promoting effects were selected for rice seed germination and rice pot experiments. [Results] A total of 16 representative bacterial strains were isolated, among which 6, 6, 7, 6, and 11 strain had the abilities of solubilizing phosphorus, releasing potassium, fixing nitrogen, producing IAA, producing siderophores, respectively. This result indicated the rich functional diversity of endophytic bacteria in P. tomentosa. The results from rice seed germination and growth promotion experiments showed that 4 single strains and 2 strain combinations promoted rice germination and growth. The combination of Enterobacter soli BYG3205 with Phytobacter ursingii BYG3102 or Acinetobacter soli BYJ201 showed better effect than single strain treatments. [Conclusion] A total of 16 strains of endophytic bacteria were isolated from P. tomentosa, and their characteristics were analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, nitrogenase activity determination, phosphate solubilization, potassium solubilization, and auxin production. Selected bacterial strains with growth-promoting effects exhibited positive effects in rice pot experiments. These endophytic bacteria enriched the microbial resources and provided a feasible approach for green and sustainable agriculture.

[Background] The research on the community assembly of phyllospheric microorganisms is of great significance to clarify the formation and maintenance mechanism of microbial diversity, while it presents slow progress. [Objective] To explore the community assembly processes of phyllospheric microorganisms in garden plants and determine the main influencing factors. [Methods] Three species of garden plants located within a 50-m radius from the lower edge of the Cangshan National Nature Reserve in Dali were selected, and leaves of varying sizes in the same orientation were collected. High-throughput sequencing and the theoretical model of community assembly were employed to analyze the community assembly process of phyllospheric microorganisms on different scales, including the entire microorganism community, different plant species, different leaf sizes, and different microbial groups. [Results] The community assembly processes of all the phyllospheric microorganisms, different plant species, and different leaf sizes were similar. That is, they were all dominated by the homogenous selection of deterministic process. However, there was a distinction in the community assembly processes between bacteria and fungi. Specifically, the community assembly of phyllospheric fungi and phyllospheric bacteria were dominated by the drift of stochastic process and the homogenous selection of deterministic process, respectively. The generalized linear model analysis showed that plant species had a significant impact on the community assembly process of phyllospheric microorganisms. Particularly, the microbial groups and the combination of microbial groups and plant species had highly significant impacts on the community assembly process of phyllospheric microorganisms, while leaf size had an insignificant impact. [Conclusion] Therefore, microbial groups are the decisive factor in the community assembly process of phyllospheric microorganisms.

[Background] The continuous cropping obstacle has become a major factor limiting the yield and quality of Pinellia ternata. Rotation and intercropping can alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle. [Objective] To explore the P. ternata-Zingiber officinale intercropping pattern on continuous cropping obstacle and provide reference for eliminating the obstacle in the production of P. ternata. [Methods] The rhizosphere soil samples of P. ternata and Z. officinale in the intercropping pattern and those of the two crops in monoculture were collected. The crop yields, soil enzyme activities, soil microbial community characteristics, and their relationships under different planting patterns were explored. [Results] The land equivalent ratio (LER)>1 indicates that intercropping outperforms monoculture. In this study, the LER of intercropping was 1.85, indicating that intercropping had obvious advantages. The activities of catalase, urease, and sucrase in the soil of P. ternata in intercropping increased by 11.01%, 25.05% and 4.96%, respectively, compared with those in the soil planted with P. ternata alone and by 5.02%, 72.68% and 19.75%, respectively, compared with those in the soil planted with Z. officinale alone. Intercropping increased the microbial species, richness, and diversity in the rhizosphere soil of P. ternata. In terms of soil fungal phyla, intercropping decreased the relative abundance of Ascomycota and increased the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota compared with monoculture. In terms of soil bacterial phyla, intercropping increased the relative abundance of Actinomycetota, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and decreased the relative abundance of Chloroflexota, Acidobacteriota and Gemmatimonadota, compared with monoculture. At the fungal genus level, intercropping reduced the relative abundance of Fusarium. At the bacterial genus level, intercropping increased the relative abundance of Arthrobacter, Sphingomonas and Bacillus. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota was positively correlated with the yield and soil sucrase activity, while the relative abundance of Ascomycota was negatively correlated with the yield. The relative abundance of Actinomycetota and Firmicutes was positively correlated with soil catalase and urease activities. The relative abundance of Chloroflexota, Acidobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, Planctomycetota and Cyanobacteria was negatively correlated with soil urease and sucrase activities. [Conclusion] P. ternata-Z. officinale intercropping can change the soil bacterial community structure and improve soil enzyme activities and beneficial microorganism abundance, serving as an effective measure to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle and increase the yield of P. ternata.

[Background] ‘Manaohong’, a cherry variety widely cultivated in Guizhou, is popular among consumers. However, fruit losses due to microbial infection have aroused wide concern in large-scale production. [Objective] To provide theoretical support for the control of pathogenic microorganisms during the large-scale cultivation of ‘Manaohong’ in Guizhou. [Methods] Prior to harvest, salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were applied as foliar sprays. Pathogenic fungi were subsequently isolated from the fruits of ‘Manaohong’. The fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics, molecular evidence (rDNA-ITS sequence), and pathogenicity tests. The inhibitory effects of SA and SNP on pathogenic fungi were assessed in vitro, and the effects of chemical fungicides on the two pathogens were examined in the laboratory. [Results] Two pathogenic fungal species in ‘Manaohong’ were identified as Diaporthe hongkongensis and Fusarium fujikuroi. Preharvest treatments with SA and SNP helped maintain fruit quality and exhibited inhibitory effects on surface microbial growth, while they showcased limited inhibitory effects on D. hongkongensis and F. fujikuroi. Laboratory tests revealed that several chemical fungicides displayed strong inhibitory effects on the two pathogens. Among them, 50% fludioxonil showed the strongest inhibitory effect on D. hongkongensis, with the median effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 0.80×10⁻⁷ μg/mL, while 43% tebuconazole had the strongest effect on F. fujikuroi, with the EC₅₀ of 0.094 5 μg/mL. [Conclusion] According to the findings, we recommended 50% fludioxonil and 43% tebuconazole as field control agents, in conjunction with preharvest foliar applications of SA and SNP. This integrated approach serves as a potential strategy for managing pathogenic fungi and supports the sustainable development of the ‘Manaohong’ cherry industry.

[Background] The conservation and development of wild Lentinula edodes germplasm resources is a crucial measure to ensure China’s food security. [Objective] To clarify the culture conditions for different states of L. edodes and lay a foundation for the development and application. [Methods] We optimized the parameters of solid culture and liquid fermentation by single factor tests, orthogonal design, and response surface methodology based on the biological characteristics of the strain. [Results] The wild strain Le.Msy collected was identified as L. edodes. It exhibited good growth at 24 ℃, with mycelial growth favoring a weakly acidic environment of pH 5.0–6.0. The strain showed no strong preference to carbon sources among the nutrients in the culture medium and could grow with other nitrogen sources except urea. The optimal carbon to nitrogen ratio for mycelial growth was within the range of 20:1 to 30:1, and the strain preferred magnesium ions among inorganic salts. The orthogonal experiment results indicated that the combination of maltose, wheat bran, and magnesium sulfate was most suitable for the strain growth. The medium formula optimized by the response surface methodology was composed of 23.05 g/L carbon source, 6.14 g/L nitrogen source, and 5.48 g/L inorganic salt, in which the colony diameter reached (50.10±1.02) mm after 7 days. Based on the optimized culture medium formula, liquid fermentation conditions were further optimized with biomass as the indicator. The optimal fermentation conditions were a temperature of 26.71 ℃, a shaking speed of 127.21 r/min, and an inoculum amount of 9.69 pieces per 100 mL, under which the dry biomass reached (5 505.67±93.22) mg/L. [Conclusion] Le.Msy exhibits broad adaptability to nutrients. In solid culture, colony diameter can serve as an accurate indicator of growth and development. In liquid fermentation, the density, average diameter, and effective contact area of the mycelial pellets can only reflect the strains status within a non-extreme temperature range. The dry mycelial biomass can accurately reflect the growth and development status under any parameter changes.

[Background] Since Morchella was successfully cultivated for commercial purposes, soil and soil problems caused by continuous cultivation have become obstacles in the sustainable development of Morchella. [Objective] To offer a reference point for soil improvement and ecological restoration in the cultivation of Morchella. [Methods] During the harvest stage, soil samples were collected from both wild habits of Morchella and the cultivation regions of Morchella with different yields. The physicochemical properties and microbial communities of these samples were then analyzed. [Results] The content of nitrogen and activities of alkaline and neutral phosphatase, catalase, and urease in the soil samples from wild habitats were all higher than those from cultivation areas. The relative abundance of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of Morchella was significantly higher than that of fungi. The richness and interrelations of microorganisms in the soil samples from wild habitats were much higher than those from cultivation areas. At the bacterial phylum level, Actinomycetota, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexota, Acidobacteriota, and Bacteroidota accounted for more than 80%. The soil samples from cultivation areas of Morchella had higher abundance of Firmicutes than those from wild habitats, which reached up to 28.91% in low-yield areas. At the fungal phylum level, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota accounted for 90% or more. The dominant genera were Bacillus and Mortierella in the low-yield areas and Humicola and Aspergillus in high-yield areas. Moreover, the yield, alkaline phosphatase, urease, and catalase showed significantly positive correlations with several bacterial and fungal genera. [Conclusion] Abundant organic matter and microbial communities are conducive to the yield improvement, ecological restoration, and sustainable development of Morchella.

[Background] The gut microorganisms are closely associated with host health. As a first-class protected species in China, investigating the composition and structure of the gut microbiota in crested ibises holds significant importance for the restoration of their population. [Objective] To investigate the microbial diversity (cultivable microorganisms) in the gut of crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) and explore the beneficial microbial resources. [Methods] We used eighteen subtypes of culture media belonging to three main types to isolate gut bacteria from healthy adult crested ibises. The isolated bacteria were identified and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequence analysis. [Results] A total of 1 245 bacterial strains were isolated and identified as 82 species belonging to 22 genera of three phyla. The dominant phylum was Proteobacteria, with the isolates accounting for 71.00% of the total isolates. Proteobacteria and Bacilli were the dominant classes, with the isolates accounting for 71.00% and 27.23%, respectively. Escherichia was the dominant genus, with the isolates accounting for 46.75% of the total isolates. Basic media constituted the first type, including nine subtypes, on which 561 bacterial strains were isolated, primarily including Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, and Streptomyces belonging to Actinomycetota. The media supplemented with fecal supernatant constituted the second type, including six subtypes, on which 539 bacterial strains were isolated, predominantly including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Vagococcus, Clostridium, Exiguobacterium, and Lysinibacillus. The media supplemented with fish were the third type, including three subtypes, on which 145 bacterial strains were isolated, predominantly including Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Hafnia, and Obesumbacterium. The three main types of media exhibited different selectivity toward microorganisms at various taxonomic levels. The dominant phylum isolated by MRS and MRS selective media was Firmicutes, while that isolated by other media was Proteobacteria. Among the 96 strains of Enterococcus, 82 strains were reported to have probiotic effects, accounting for 6.59% of the total isolates. Additionally, 62 strains were identified as potential new species, accounting for 4.98% of the total isolates, and they were mainly isolated by the basic media and the media supplemented with fecal supernatant. [Conclusion] We employed multiple culture media to investigate the microbial diversity in the crested ibis gut. The findings enriched the variety of microorganisms found in the crested ibis gut, lay a solid foundation for the future exploration of gut microbial resources in the crested ibis, and accumulate a wealth of rare strain resources for the development of beneficial microorganisms.

[Background] Bacillus spp. are important sources of probiotic preparations for poultry. Recently, Bacillus spp. have attracted much attention because of their inhibitory activities against pathogens and survivability under stress. [Objective] To screen Bacillus with probiotic properties from Taihang chicken, providing potential candidates for developing probiotic preparations in poultry. [Methods] Fresh feces samples were collected from healthy Taihang chickens. Bacillus strains were isolated with the selection medium and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and core single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of the whole genome. The inhibitory activities of the strains against indicator pathogens were tested by the double-layer agar plate method. The tolerance of the strains was evaluated based on the survival rates after incubation at different conditions. The broth dilution method was employed to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains. Furthermore, bioinformatics tools and databases were used for sequence alignment and annotation of the genomes, and the safety of the strain and the synthesis of secondary metabolites associated with probiotic profiles were analyzed. [Results] Five strains of Bacillus velezensis were identified, and they inhibited the growth of pathogens. Additionally, the isolates posed high survival rates after incubation at harsh conditions. They were sensitive to 12 tested antimicrobial agents and did not carry mobile resistance genes or virulence genes. Finally, 16–20 biosynthetic gene clusters related to secondary metabolite synthesis were identified in the five strains by antiSMASH, which showed high similarity to the biosynthetic gene clusters of fengycin and surfactin with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. [Conclusion] We obtained five B. velezensis strains with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and safety in vitro, which served as candidates for developing Bacillus-based probiotic preparations used for poultry.

[Background] Campylobacter spp. are a genus of the main pathogens causing foodborne diseases. They colonize the caeca of broilers and swine and can contaminate carcasses after slaughter during the processing, posing a risk of exposure to consumers and a serious threat to food safety and public health. [Objective] To investigate the antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes, and genetic diversity of 52 Campylobacter strains isolated from chicken and swine farms in Jiangsu Province by whole genome sequencing (WGS). [Methods] The agar dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Campylobacter isolates against eight antimicrobial agents. WGS was performed for the 52 Campylobacter strains. ResFinder of the Center for Genomic Epidemiology (CGE) was used to analyze the antimicrobial resistance genes. Virulence genes were identified from the core sequences downloaded from the virulence factor database (VFDB). Sequence type (ST) was determined in silico from the WGS data and isolates were assigned into clonal complex (CC) in PubMLST. [Results] Fifty-two Campylobacter strains were significantly resistant to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid and sensitive to florfenicol, with the multidrug resistance rate of 57.69%. Sixteen acquired resistance genes belonging to six major categories were detected among with gyrA mutation associated with quinolones resistance and 23S rRNA gene mutation associated with macrolides resistance. In addition to the previously reported resistance genes to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and tetracyclines (tetO), several new antimicrobial resistance genes emerging in Campylobacter in recent years were detected in this study, including ermB, ermA, fexA, optrA, tetL, and lnuC. A total of 120 virulence genes were detected in 52 strains of Campylobacter, among which the genes involved in adhesion, capsule synthesis, invasion, flagella, and chemotactic proteins had higher carrying rates. Campylobacter jejuni exhibited higher abundance of virulence genes than C. coli. MLST assigned 28 STs and 14 CCs (including 4 known CCs and 10 unknown CCs, among which CC-828 was the main one), indicating high genetic diversity among the isolates. [Conclusion] The Campylobacter isolated from chicken and swine farms in Jiangsu Province presented severe multidrug resistance. The resistance and virulence genes were complex, diverse, and widely distributed in Campylobacter strains. CC-828 was the main clonal complex, and the Campylobacter strains exhibited high genetic diversity. The results provide basic data for the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance of animal-derived Campylobacter in China.

[Background] Snakehead fish (Channa argus) is an important species of freshwater economic fish. The farming industry of C. argus is developing rapidly, while diseases, especially bacterial diseases, have become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of this industry. [Objective] To gain deep insights into the antibiotic resistance and infection mechanisms of the pathogens from C. argus and provide scientific guidance for disease prevention and control. [Methods] Three pathogen strains (SY1, SY3, and SY7) were isolated from diseased C. argus and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing. The virulence genes, resistance genes, prophages, as well as potential virulence and resistance genes carried by the prophages, were annotated based on the whole genome sequencing data. [Results] Based on 16S rRNA sequencing and genomic average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis, strains SY1, SY3, and SY7 were identified as Shewanella xiamenensis, Aeromonas dhakensis, and Nocardia seriolae, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that these pathogens had resistance to multiple antibiotics, and all showed resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, vancomycin, and lincomycin. The genome sizes of strains SY1, SY3, and SY7 were 4 895 555 bp (G+C content of 46.23%), 4 853 433 bp (G+C content of 61.54%), and 9 294 386 bp (G+C content of 68.24%), respectively. A total of 171 virulence genes were detected in the genomes of the three pathogens, and they were involved in motility, adherence, exotoxin, effector delivery system, nutrition/metabolism, and stress responses. The genes conferring resistance to 15 categories of antibiotic were detected in the bacteria. Prophage prediction analysis revealed that all the three strains carried prophages, while no virulence or antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the prophage sequences. [Conclusion] This study expands our understanding of antibiotic resistance and infection mechanisms of pathogens from C. argus, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of diseases in Channa argus.

[Background] Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZG2 is an antagonistic bacterial strain with biocontrol effects that is isolated and screened from the surface of jujube fruits by our research team. It has an excellent prospect for application in the prevention and control of diseases of postharvest fruits and vegetables. [Objective] To analyze the genome information of strain ZG2, explore its functional genes and secondary metabolite gene resources, and provide a theoretical basis for application of this strain in the biocontrol of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. [Methods] The growth curve of strain ZG2 was determined by a spectrophotometer. Illumina and PacBio platforms were used for whole genome sequencing. The sequencing data were used for genome assembly, gene prediction, functional annotation, and prediction of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). The inhibitory effect of strain ZG2 on Alternaria alternata was assessed based on the mycelial growth rate. Control effect experiments were conducted to evaluate the control effect of strain ZG2 on black spot of postharvest Yulu fragrant pears. [Results] B. amyloliquefaciens ZG2 showed slow growth, logarithmic growth, stable growth, and declined growth during 0–6 h, 6–26 h, 26–46 h, and 46–58 h, respectively. The collinearity analysis showed that B. amyloliquefaciens ZG2 shared close genetic relationships with B. velezensis FZB42 and B. amyloliquefaciens GKT04. The genome of B. amyloliquefaciens ZG2 had a total length of 4.13 Mb, with the G+C content of 46.09%, carrying 4 652 coding genes. The whole genome data were uploaded to NCBI with the accession number CP172418. A total of 4 539, 3 453, 4 197, 3 070, 541, 2 914, 350, 194, 162, and 2 914 genes were annotated in NR, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, TCDB, GO, PHI, VFDB, CAZy, and Pfam databases, respectively. Multiple hydrolases were predicted, including lichenase/endo-beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.73), chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14), lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17), and endo-beta-1,4-glucanase/ cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4). In addition, we identified 13 secondary metabolite BGCs, which encoded antimicrobial substances such as macrolactin H, bacillaene, fengycin, difficidin, bacillibactin, and bacilysin. Among them, three BGCs had low homology with the BGCs encoding known compounds, which indicated that strain ZG2 had the potential to synthesize novel and unique functional compounds. The fermentation broth of strain ZG2 inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata, showcasing the inhibition rate of 97.5%. The control effect of the strain on black spot of postharvest Yulu fragrant pears was 53.55% on day 7. [Conclusion] By whole genome sequencing, this study comprehensively reveals the composition and functions of the genome of strain ZG2. We delve into the gene expression and synthesis of antimicrobial organic compounds, predict the secondary metabolite BGCs, and explores the in vivo and in vitro control effects of the fermentation broth of strain ZG2 on A. alternata. The findings provide a theoretical basis for exploring the potential application value of strain ZG2 in the disease prevention and control of postharvest fruits and vegetables.

[Background] Tobacco black shank is a soil-borne diseases caused by Phytophthora nicotianae. This disease exhibits a high incidence and severity in tobacco cultivation regions across China, leading to substantial yield losses. [Objective] To screen the strains with antagonistic activity against Phytophthora nicotianae and provide strain resources for the biocontrol of tobacco black shank. [Methods] The dilution-plate spreading method and the plate confrontation method were employed to screen the strains with antagonistic effects on Phytophthora nicotianae. Whole genome sequencing of the antagonistic strain was performed on the DNBSEQ and PacBio platforms, and antiSMASH online was used for the prediction of synthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites. [Results] Bacillus halotolerans BY-S2, a strain capable of inhibiting the growth of P. nicotianae, was isolated. Strain BY-S2 exhibited phosphorus-solubilizing ability, siderophore- producing ability, and tolerance to copper. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the genome of strain BY-S2 was a circular chromosome with a length of 4 058 008 bp and the G+C content of 43.78%. A total of 10 synthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites were predicted by antiSMASH, including 5 completely consistent with known gene clusters for the synthesis of bacillaene, fengycin, bacillibactin, subtilosin A, and bacilysin. [Conclusion] B. halotolerans BY-S2 exhibits antagonistic activity against P. nicotianae, has the ability to solubilize phosphate and produce siderophores, and carries 5 known gene clusters of secondary metabolites.

[Background] Strain JSM 102089 was a moderately halophilic, siderophore-producing, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, endospore-forming and Gram-positive bacterium, isolated from a non-saline cultivated soil sample collected from the Dehang Canyon (28°15′–28°43′N, 109°30′–109°45′E) in Jishou, Hunan, China. The strain was positive for gelatin hydrolysis and urease activity, and exhibited a unique phylogenetic relationship with the members of the family Bacillaceae. [Objective] To find out the phylogenetic status of JSM 102089 and unravel its secondary metabolic potential on the basis of the draft genome. [Methods] The phylogeny of JSM 102089 was primarily analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and comparison of phenotypic characteristics. Then, the exact phylogenetic status was investigated comprehensively by means of comparative genomics analysis based on whole genome sequences, including comparisons of G+C content, average nucleotide identity (ANI), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) estimated values, as well as by phylogenomic analysis. To investigate the secondary metabolic potential of JSM 102089, we used multiple bioinformatics tools such as antiSMASH 7.0, BLASTn and BLASTp for rapid genome-wide identification, annotation, and analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolites. [Results] The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that JSM 102089 belonged to the family Bacillaceae and was closely related to the type strains of 3 known species of the genus Pseudalkalibacillus, i.e. P. sedimenti FJAT-53715^T(16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 99.72%), P. spartinae FJAT-53046^T (99.64%) and P. hwajinpoensis SW-72^T (99.59%), followed by Alkalihalobacillus hemicentroti JSM 076093^T (98.64%). These 5 strains formed an obvious clade in the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Specifically, strains JSM 102089, P. sedimenti FJAT-53715^T and P. spartinae FJAT-53046^T formed a distinct subclade, but JSM 102089 made a separated branch on the outskirt of the subclade. Chemotaxonomic data of JSM 102089 were consistent with its assignment to Bacillaceae, while JSM 102089 could be distinguished from its closest relatives by a number of important characteristics, such as salt tolerance, motility, urease activity and hydrolysis of gelatin. The results of comparative genomics analysis showed that both of the ANI and dDDH estimated values between JSM 102089 and type strains of phylogenetically closely known species of Pseudalkalibacillus and Alkalihalobacillus were well lower than the generally recognized thresholds of bacterial species (ANI, 95%–96%; dDDH, 70%), which strongly supported JSM 102089 representing a potential new species of Bacillaceae. The results of the phylogenomic analysis also showed that JSM 102089 clustered together with P. sedimenti FJAT-53715^T and P. spartinae FJAT-53046^T but the strain studied made a distinctly separated species cluster, which suggested that JSM 102089 represented a new species of the genus Pseudalkalibacillus. A total of 86 BGCs belonging to 19 function-types including NI-siderophores, type III polyketide synthases (T3PKSs) and terpenes, were mined from the genomes of JSM 102089 and 13 representative strains of Pseudalkalibacillus and Alkalihalobacillus. Most of the BGCs exhibited prominent novelty compared with known BGCs as well as high function diversity between each other. Particularly, two strain-exclusive BGCs of JSM 102089 were relatively unique in structure as well as particularly novel in function. [Conclusion] The combination of the results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, comparison of phenotypic characteristics and comparative genomics analysis showed definitely that JSM 102089 cannot be designated to any of the recognized species of Bacillaceae, but represents a potential new species (or new genomospecies) of Pseudalkalibacillus; Most of the BGCs of JSM 102089 and closest representatives of Pseudalkalibacillus and Alkalihalobacillus exhibite prominent novelty compared with known BGCs as well as high function diversity between each other, and parts of the BGCs of JSM 102089 exhibit unique structures and novel functions, which all clearly show that these strains have the biosynthesis potential of a variety of novel secondary metabolites. Therefore, we think JSM 102089 should be a typical example of new-resource microbes, and the systematic taxonomy, salt-tolerant mechanism, secondary metabolism and biotechnological potential of the new strain is worth being further explored. Moreover, it is evident that the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Alkalihalobacillus and/or some known Alkalihalobacillus species should be re-examined, and on this a few of well-targeted suggestions are proposed by us.

[Background] As the issue of lung health is aggravating, the emergence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) has attracted widespread attention. As a variant of K. pneumoniae, hvKP is characterized by easy transmission, high virulence, and high fatality rate, which make it prone to causing community-acquired infection in healthy individuals. [Objective] To develop a sensitive and convenient detection method for hvKP, thus preventing its large-scale spread. [Methods] We developed a convenient and highly sensitive detection method for hvKP by combining recombinase polymerase isothermal amplification with the CRISPR ultra-sensitive detection system. [Results] This method was capable of detecting hvKP DNA samples as low as 58.1 fg/µL within 40 min without the need for enrichment. Moreover, it demonstrated excellent specificity, showing no amplification of 13 non-specific bacterial strains including classic K. pneumoniae. Furthermore, in the detection of simulated blood samples, this method showcased the sensitivity reaching 5.5 CFU/mL, which was two orders of magnitude higher than that (5.5×10² CFU/mL) of the conventional qRCR method. [Conclusion] This novel detection method has not only high sensitivity and specificity but also simple operation. This study aims to provide an effective tool for large-scale screening of hvKP in community-level medical institutions and offer a new detection scheme for public health services. This new technology is expected to play an important role in controlling and preventing the spread of hvKP.

[Background] Human astrovirus (HAstV) and human sapovirus (HuSaV) are currently the main pathogen of human acute gastroenteritis worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health, especially to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. There is no vaccine or specific means that can prevent the infections and transmission of HAstV and HuSaV. Therefore, developing a rapid and accurate detection method is of great significance for the prevention of HAstV and HuSaV. [Objective] To establish a duplex fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method for simultaneous detection of HAstV and HuSaV and thus facilitate rapid detection and epidemiological investigations. [Methods] Specific primers and probes were designed according to the conserved sequences of HAstV and HuSaV. The reaction system was optimized, and detection system was established under the optimal reaction conditions. The sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the duplex fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method were evaluated. [Results] The established method had high sensitivity, with the limits of detection being 15 copies/μL and 2.1 copies/μL for HAstV and HuSaV, respectively. The method was able to specifically detect the targets from HAstV and HuSaV and had no cross-reaction with other foodborne viruses, pathogens, or lactic acid bacteria. The coefficients of variation of inner and intra-assay were both less than 3.5%, indicating high repeatability and stability. Furthermore, the established method was employed to detect oysters artificially contaminated with different concentrations of HAstV and HuSaV. The results showed that the method detected all the contaminated samples, with the detection result showcasing no significant difference compared with that in the positive control group (P>0.05). The positive rates of HAstV and HuSaV in the food samples detected by the established method were 10.83% and 0%, respectively. [Conclusion] The duplex fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method was highly sensitive, specific, and repetitive for the rapid detection of HAstV and HuSaV in food samples and large-scale epidemiological investigations.

Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans is a pathogenic bacterium responsible for food poisoning in humans. The toxins it produces, such as bongkrekic acid, cause cellular damage by targeting mitochondria. The mortality rate of humans due to poisoning by this bacterium exceeds 30%, and there is currently no specific antidote. The taxonomic history of B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans is quite convoluted, undergoing a long process from description to formal naming. As the research on the bacterium has expanded, multiple Chinese names have emerged, which not only hinder research efforts but also may impact healthcare costs and delay the timely rescue of patients. This paper reviewed the taxonomic history of B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans, analyzed the current usage of its Chinese names. It suggested that “Burkholderia cepacia, a pathogenic variant of coconut toxin in Acorus calamus” might be a suitable accurate translation. Moreover, this paper put forward the Chinese names of the other 3 pathogenic varieties.

[Background] As a new interdisciplinary subject, synthetic biology has shown great application potential in many fields such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. Bacteriophages, recognized as a pivotal research focus in synthetic biology, exhibit considerable potential for diverse applications. [Objective] The study aims to reveal the global development trends and technological advancements in phage synthetic biology through patent analysis, and to clarify its potential and challenges in future applications. [Methods] The patent analysis was carried out in multiple dimensions including patent application trend, technology structure, technology source country, legal status, and comparison between China and the United States, to comprehensively evaluate the global patent distribution and development dynamics of phage synthetic biology. [Results] The study finds that relevant technological advancements are primarily concentrated in areas such as phage genome modification, phage therapy, and phage display. However, patent data reveal imbalances in the current research regarding technological distribution and application directions, with notable gaps in biosafety and ethical considerations. [Conclusion] According to the results, we put forward the following suggestions: developing a forward-looking patent layout, strengthening global layout and protection of patents in key domains, and highlighting biosafety and application ethics.

Microbiology is a course with practical and engineering features and closely related to production, life, and social politics, serving as an important platform for ideological and political education. The ideological and political education of Microbiology at Beijing University of Chemical Technology is guided by the education concept of all members, whole process, and all aspects. On the basis of reviewing the course-related ideological and political education cases with the characteristics of Beijing University of Chemical Technology, we designed an ideological and political education section based on small projects and explored the methods for evaluating the education performance. The course reform has effectively improved students’ scientific thinking and knowledge application abilities as well as the learning effectiveness. Meanwhile, it enhanced the attractiveness and penetration of ideological and political education and boosted the effectiveness of ideological education. Therefore, this practice has achieved integration of knowledge learning, skill cultivation, and value transmission, providing reference for ideological and political education in the teaching of related disciplines.

As the global economic integration deepens, cultivating innovative industrial talents with a global vision and capable of cross-culturally communicating has become a primary task for China’s higher education. Taking the School of Biological Engineering of Tianjin University of Science and Technology as an example, this article discusses the issues in the current international talent cultivation model for the light industry majors in China’s colleges and universities. A “six-in-one” comprehensive reform initiative is put forward, which involves fostering an international educational philosophy, optimizing curriculum and evaluation mechanisms, implementing diversified teaching modes, enhancing the internationalization level of faculty, nurturing international competitive awareness of students through competitions, and strengthening ideological and political education for international talents. This comprehensive reform initiative aims to establish a new model of international talent training for light industry majors with both national characteristics and international standards. In the future, the school will continue to implement the Pioneer Plan proposed by the university in accordance with the national development strategy and the development needs of new quality productive forces. This will promote the internationalization of higher education in China and cultivate more high-quality international talents for the development of the national and global light industry.

Research-based learning is an active learning mode designed to enhance students’ multiple abilities, aiming to stimulate learning interests, enhance self-directed learning and problem-solving skills, and foster teamwork awareness. It can effectively address issues such as the singularity of teaching objectives, lack of learning appeal, insufficient challenge, and limited intervention on poor study habits in traditional course teaching, encouraging students to shift from passive knowledge acceptance to independent exploration, and aligning with the talent training objectives of modern higher education. This paper summarizes the design philosophy, implementation plan, and key points of a research-based learning project applied in the teaching of Microbiology, based on the specific practice and the results of a follow-up questionnaire. The effectiveness of research-based learning in teaching practice is analyzed from the perspectives of the course, students and teachers. The results show that more than 85% of students recognize the positive improvement of their knowledge, abilities, and comprehensive literacy by research-based learning. Particularly, this project demonstrates satisfactory performance in enhancing learning abilities such as knowledge expansion and information mining, promoting cooperation and communication, and increasing interests in microbiology, with a sustainable improving effect.

In the context of emerging engineering education, this study explores how ideological and political education in the teaching of Microbiological Examination of Food can serve the goal of fostering application-oriented specialized talents. The two main lines of integrating ideological and political education into teaching and connection of examination techniques were designed to run through the teaching of this course. A “4+4” project-based teaching mode was adopted, and blended teaching, case study, and flipped classroom were employed to improve the teaching methods. The achievement of the application-oriented course teaching goals was evaluated based on both learning effectiveness and teaching effectiveness. The teaching reform of this course fully mobilizes teachers and students to play their roles of teaching and learning and explores the application of multiple evaluation methods in improving the teaching practice.