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Abstract:This review introduced the research advances on plant virology for last 40 years in China, the representative work in different period was presented roundly, the top plant virology laboratories and their research fields were introduced in more detail.

Abstract:Based on the all published papers, the current work briefly reviewed the relationship between Microbiology China and the study area of plant-associated bacteria during the past 40 years. It suggests potential directions and co-operative approaches for future development.

Abstract:As a unicellular organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an ideal model system for illumination of substantial cellular functions of eukaryotes. Meanwhile, this organism is also an important microbial cell factory in biotechnology. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the magazine Microbiology China, the research advances of molecular genetics and breeding of S. cerevisiae in china in the past 40 years, such as tools for genetic manipulation, functional analysis of specific genes, the genetic basis and regulatory mechanism underlying the important biological processes, development and application of breeding approaches, were reviewed here.

Abstract:This paper reviewed the isolation, identification, classification, mode mechanism of action, molecular biology, mass production, bioassay and quality control, application and international expansion of Bacillus thuringiensis in China. The existing problems and improving ways of Bt biological pesticides were also discussed.

Abstract:The development history of enzyme and enzyme technology as well as related industrials in china was reviewed for draw the experience and lesson to achieve greater development.

Abstract:As a recalcitrant pollutant, quinoline has been shown a growing concern on its negative effect following the rapid development of the related industries. Thus the treatment of this pollutant is being paid more attention. Since the end of 20th century, scientists have done serials of studies on the microbial degradation of quinoline. Dozens of bacterial and fungal strains were isolated. The studies of degrading capacity and applications of these strains were performed then. However, the study on the anaerobic degradation of quinoline is relatively lagged behind. Here in this paper, we review the researches done by domestic scientists and draw a perspective of the future studies.

Abstract:Early start of studies on plant endophytic microbes in China mainly focused on actinomycetes Frankia spp.. Since 2000, studies on plant endophytic microbes grow rapidly in various areas and people engaged in. Studies on plant endophytic microbes in China could be characterized as abundant in resource investigations, isolation and incubation, detection of bio-activities, functions of bioactive compounds; few in technological advancement, forest resources, association with hosts, practical applications. The common reported hosts are Taxus spp., mangrove, Podophylloideae, Ginkgo biloba, Orchidaceae. Most reports of resource investigations targeted in screening medicines. Advancements on antimicrobial and antitumor compounds, especially in obtaining strains which can effectively synthesis taxnol, ranked top of progress on plant endophytes. In this review, 24 applied branches within 4 classes of studies on plant endophytic microbes in China were listed, especially non-specific endophytic bacteria in nodules. Well, 6 aspects, including Dark septate endophytes (DSE) need to be improved in the future. Studies on plant endophytic microbes in China are rich in medical plants and resource discovery, while weak in harmful microbes. Finally, we list seven technologies need to be developed for consideration.

Abstract:Avian influenza caused great harms to avian industry, and posed great threaten to public health. In order to scientifically control and prevent avian influenza, China scientist have finished a series of great work on basic and applied researches, and acquired wonderful spotlight achievements in world. Through long-term surveillance, characterists of epidemiology and evolution of avian influenza in China have been clarified. Using reverse genetics and protein techniques, the key amino acids contributing to pathogenicity and transmissibility were found out, and the mechanism behind was explored. Avian influenza vaccines were developed and popularized, accompanied with consistent emergence of new vaccine. These scientific researches have established firm foundation to avian influenza prevention and follow-up studies. However, avian influenza viruses, especially the novel H7N9 virus, still pose great threats to us. Therefore, in order to prevent and control avian influenza thoroughly, greater efforts on research are warranted.

Abstract:Gosling plague is one of the most common diseases with high mortality in gosling, which could induce huge economic losses and cause serious damage to the development of goose industry. In order to improve the level of scientific understanding, disease prevention and control on gosling plague, the peers performed a lot researches, with the long-term perseverance in our country and obtained a series groundbreaking achievements. Gosling plague and its pathogen goose parvovirus (GPV) were first discovered and identified by Dingyi Fang in the world. The variation characteristics of the genetic evolution of GPV were analyzed and the distribution area and epidemiology situation of the Gosling plague in China were investigated preliminarily. As well, on the basis of traditional testing methods, together with the modern immunology and molecular biology technique, a series of rapid diagnostic methods were established. Furthermore the high titer serum, attenuated vaccines for goslings and adult geese were successfully developed to effective controlling of this disease. And some cell-adapted GPV strains were successfully obtained and further applied in clinic, which provided a new vaccine candidate for gosling plague control. All the achievements and progress above lay a good foundation for the gosling plague prevention and control.

Abstract:Since the early 1970s, a lot of emerging infectious diseases (EID) have appeared in the world, including more than 45 very serious EIDs. At least three teams won the Nobel prizes in physiology or medicine due to the discovery of relevant pathogens. Whether in the period of “Cultural Revolution”, or in the rapid development period of China, there were always a number of scientists fighting in the first line of infectious diseases prevention and control. These pioneers always try to track the latest developments of EIDs in the world, and engaged in EIDs surveillance and pathogens confirmation. Just in time to congratulate the 40th Anniversary of Microbiology China, a preliminary review and brief comments were done on these pioneering work in this period. Their crucial contributions to Chinese medicine will go down in history, and will also inspire generations of microbiology and medical workers in China.

Abstract:Ferritin is a cage-like protein ubiquitous distribution among living organisms. It is composed of a 24-subunit protein cage with an internal iron oxide core. Ferritin plays an important role in iron homeostasis based on its ability of iron detoxification and iron storage. Recently, serum ferritin levels are found to be changed in some pathologic process. Particularly, biomimetically synthesized magnetoferritin which using recombinant human ferritin expressed by Escherichia coli as templates, possess intrinsic dual functionality, targeting and visualizing tumor tissues. The unique properties of ferritin make it an ideal and powerful nanoplatform on which to construct multifunctional nanoparitlces for imaging and delivery of drugs. Here, we summarized the new features of human ferritin and the research progress of ferritin-based applications in disease diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy.

Abstract:The surface layer (S-layer) protein of archaeon was first discovered as glycoprotein in the middle of 1950s. At the beginning of 21 century, N-glycosylated protein was found in Campylobacter jejuni. Since then more and more evidences show that protein glycosylation is a post-translation modification that not only exists in eukaryotes, but also in archaeon and bacteria. During the past 10 years, a great advance has been achieved in post-translation modification of the protein in archaeon such as Haloferax volcanii, Haloarcula japonica, Haloarcula marismortui, Methanococcus maripaludis and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, especially N-glycosylation. On the other hand, little is known about the protein O-glycosylation and lipidation in these species. In this article, our present knowledge of protein glycosylation and lipidation in archaeon are reviewed.

Abstract:Cyanophages are viruses that infect prokaryotic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and widespread in different types of aquatic ecosystems. They can have a significant impact on regulation of primary productivity rate, density and succession of cyanobacteria, genetic transfer between microorganism, and global biogeochemical cycles, respectively. Thereby paying special attention to biodiversity of cyanophages, discovering cyanophage genes involved in the infection, clarifying the interaction between cyanophage and host, can also provide important information for developing novel approaches to control of cyanobacterial blooms and understanding the role of viruses play in complex water environments. This review focuses on recent advances in researches of the cyanophage biodiversity, including the ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity of cyanophage.

Abstract:In recent years, endophytes such as endophytic bacteria, endophytic actinomycetes and endophytic fungi have become the popular topics in biology. In this article we started with comparing different definitions of endophytes, proposed broad and narrow conceptions of the organisms, then summed up their species diversity, distribution and their physiological metabolism characters, analyzed the relationship between endophytes and host plants, and discussed endophyte potential values and its application prospects in order to provide ideas and bases for promoting endophyte study.

Abstract:Nisin is a lantibiotic with unusual amino acids produced by lactic acid bacteria. It has been used as a natural bio-preservative for food because of its high antimicrobial activity and safety. Since the late of the 1980s, nisin was first studied and developed in the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in our country. With the innovations and endeavor of several generations of scientists, nisin Z producing strain with high production was obtained, and the fermentation and extraction technologies were improved. Through technology transformation, nisin product was successfully manufactured by Zhejiang Silver-elephant Bioengineering Limited Corporation. Combining the scientific research, product developing and marketing, nisin is walking out from the laboratory to the market and into people’s home, which is one of the best notes of “Tiny bugs, high technology, big business”.

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