Abstract:A full and accurate review involved microbial prospecting of petroleum and gaseous hydrocarbon-oxidating bacteria, microorganisms and formation of petroleum and gas, production of organic acids, oil field microorganisms and enhancement of oil recovery. Hundred and five papers are quoted.

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Abstract:Biomass is a renewable resource, which can be transformed into useful chemical products. The effects of dilute hydrochloric acid on the hydrolysis of steam explosion pretreatment of corn straw were studied. This article developed the application research of ergosterol using corn straw hydrolysates as fermentation substrates. The results showed that when corn straw was hydrolyzed with 1.5% hydrochloric acid, temperature at 90°C, hydrolysis for 3 h and the corresponding solid to liquid ratio at 10%, the reducing sugar content can reached up to 53.3% and cellulose conversion efficiency was 79%. The optimal fermental parameters were as follows: 6.0 oBx of corn straw hydrolysates, corn concentration steep water at 4%, pH 7.5, 10% of inoculation, 28°C cultivated for 32 h. Under these conditions, the yeast biomass up to 8.5 g/L and the ergosterol content up to 2.35%. The infrared spectrometer and the X-ray diffract meter used to characterize of crystallite structure.

Abstract:An extremely thermoacidophilic isolate K4-1 was obtained from an acidic hot spring in Tengchong Rehai, Yunnan province. Morphology, growth characteristics, utilization of carbon compounds, energy sources and 16S rRNA gene sequence of K4-1 were studied. Cells of K4-1 are irregular cocci with monotrichous flagella. The strain grew aerobically in either a lithotrophic or a heterotrophic mode. Growth on elemental sulfur occurred through oxidation of sulfur. It grew optimally at 75°C and pH 3.5. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain K4-1 was shown to belong to genus Sulfolobus, being related to the type strains of genus Sulfolobus (86.6%~94.3% similarity), and being most closely related to strain Sulfolobus tengchongensis RT8-4 (98.9% similarity). The GenBank accession number of strain K4-1 16S rRNA gene sequence is EU729124.

Abstract:An Aspergillus sp. strain F3 was isolated and identified from the rhizosphere soil of mangrove plant, Rhizophora stylosa Griff in Dongzhai harbor mangrove forest conservation in China. In this study, the effects of media salinity and pH on the mycelial biomass and the ability of producing antibacterial metabolites from this isolate were carefully analyzed. Results showed that this isolate can grow well on the SDA medium with higher salinity (3%~9%) and higher pH (8~10). Under the modified culturing conditions, this isolate can secret the antibacterial and antitumor metabolites. The extracts of acetic ether were about 448 mg/L of the fermentation broth. The antibacterial activities of the acetic ether extract were analyzed with bacteria and fungus. Results showed this extract can suppress the growth of Staphylococcus aureus、S. epidermidis、Sarcina lutea、Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli with MIC of 31.3 μg/mL, 31.3 μg/mL, 7.8 μg/mL, 7.8 μg/mL and 125.0 μg/mL, respectively. It can also suppress the growth of Candida albicans with MIC of 125.0 μg/mL. Further studies uncovered the cytotoxicity of this extract against the tumor cells, such as ECV304, Lovo and HepG2 with IC50 of 3.45 μg/mL, 4.88 μg/mL and 14.31 μg/mL respectively.

Abstract:The quantity and diversity of soil actinomycetes were compared between grasslands with different degradation degree in Three River Source area, using different isolation methods and media. In this area, 178 strains were isolated from 5 soil samples collected, and were classified into 7 recognized genera based on phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequences, including Micromonospora, Promicromonospora, Nocardia, Pseudonocardia, Actinoplanes, Kribbella and Streptomyces. Isolates of Streptomyce were further divided into 7 phenotypic groups. Larger quantity and higher diversity of actinomycetes were found in soil from lightly degraded steppe than in soil from heavily degraded steppe, and were also found in soil from Stipa purpurea alpine steppe than in soil from Kobresia pygmaea alpine meadow which, however, possessed higher diversity of streptomycetes than the former. The results indicate a negative correlation between degradation degree of alpine grasslands and quantity and diversity of the soil actinomycetes.

Abstract:Effect of extraneous 2,4-D on astaxanthin accumulation in H. pluvialis was studied in this paper. After different concentration grades of 2,4-D were added into the vegetative green cells respectively, then H. pluvialis were cultivated under unfavorable growth conditions (24 h light cycle, 5000 Lx, 25°C, nutrition deficiency) to promote astaxanthin accumulation. In this stage, morphological changes of cells treated by different grades of 2,4-D concentration were observed with optical microscopy. Moreover, astaxanthin content was determined with absorption spectral (OD490). Results showed that astaxanthin accumulation might be promoted at 20 mg/L 2,4-D treatment which could quicken astaxanthin accumulation 15 days compared with blank controls. Moreover, the increasing production extents of astaxanthin reached 13.4% than blank controls.

Abstract:The bioactivities of So ce cpu-1, a myxobacterium, were investigated. The results showed that the myxobacteria can degrade cellulose and hydrolyze maize stalk about 15.5%. The secondary metabolite from So ce cpu-1 had broad antimicrobial spectra, and it can inhibit K562, a tumor cell line.

Abstract:The primers J3, IS1112, IS1113, and ERIC were used to analyze 17 tested groups (56 strains and their mono-cell-clones) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae from China, Japan and the Philippines. The result showed: 1) The percentage were 52.9%(J3), 23.5%(IS1112), 29.4%(IS1113) and 35.3%(ERIC) which strains and their mono-cell-clones were in one patten of each primer, respectively. 2) Percentage were 29.4% which the similarity were over 90% between strains and their mono-cell-clones of 17 tested groups, while 52.9% of dissimilarity were 30%~41%; at level of 80% similarity, 9 tested groups which strains and their mono-cell clones were in one cluster(52.9% of 17 tested groups), these results suggested there were phylogenetic relationship between the strains. Also the differentiation were exits. Such as, Philippine strains, Pxo79 and Pxo112 were distributed into 3 clusters; the dissimilarity were 41% between strains and their mono-cell- clones of Pxo79, Pxo86, Pxo99 and Pxo112. These results indicated the strains were combined by different cells. 3) There was only 11.8% of tested strains which virulence of strains were equal to their mono-cell- clones in 17 tested groups. The result indicated that there were virulent difference between strains and their mono-cell-clones. No relationship were observed between UPGMA clusters and pathotypes.

Abstract:A bacterium(designated as LW-3), capable of degrading Chlorimuron-ethyl, was isolated from the long-term contaminated soil by Chlorimuron-ethyl. Based on physiological and biochemical analyses and sequences comparison of 16S rDNA, strain LW-3 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. LW-3 could use Chlorimuron-ethyl as sole nitrogen source for growth. The optimum pH and temperature for degradation of Chlorimuron-ethyl were pH 6.5~7.2 and 30°C~35°C, at same temperature the pH change to the Chlorimuron -ethyl degrading influence is large. When the pH and temperature were pH 6.5 and 32°C, 50 mg/L Chlorimuron-ethyl could be degraded to 70%~80% level within 7 days.

Abstract:The traditional culture methods and the molecular biology methods were used to study the rhizosphere bacterial diversity between fusarium wilt resistant and susceptible watermelon. The results showed that the diversity and the equality of cultured rhizosphere bacteria of resistant watermelon were higher than those of the susceptible watermelon. The reason was that the cultured rhizosphere bacterial diversity index H′ and 1/D of the resistant watermelon were higher than those of the susceptible watermelon and that the cultured rhizosphere bacterial equality index E of the resistant watermelon were higher than those of the susceptible watermelon. The dominant cultured bacterial genotypes were different between resistant and susceptible watermelon. The genotype 1 is the dominant genotype of resistant watermelon, consists 51.1%. The genotype 7 is the dominant genotype of susceptible watermelon, consists 58.7%.

Abstract:The Monascus mutant with high yield of yellow pigment was obtained by using conventional relevant mutation techniques, e.g., treating with physical mutagens(such as UV light) and chemical substances (such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine). The yellow pigment was scanned from 300 nm to 600 nm with UV spectrometer, the maximal absorption was determined at 410 nm. The growth characteristic of Monascus mutant is stable, the yellow pigment value and colour hue in liquid fermentation can reach 100 U/mL and 3.5 respectively. The yellow pigment is stable from pH 3 to pH 8, but the precipitation appeared as the pH of the pigment solution lower than 3.

Abstract:Fusion protein Thioredoxin (Trx A)–IMPDH of Streptococcu suis type 2 (SS2) was purified with affinity chromatograph. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice which were immunized with purified fusion protein were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells in order to product monoclonal antibody against IMPDH. Four hybridoma cell strains against IMPDH (named 1A8, 1F2, 2D2 and 2D12 respectively) were developed after four times of limiting dilution assay. The indirect ELISA titers of their ascites were 100×211, 100×211, 100×210, 100×28. The results of Western-blot indicated that the four McAbs only reacted with Trx A–IMPDH but not reacted with Trx A, that showed their good specificity. Meanwhile, the difference of their recognizing epitopes was analysed by means of four proteins which were respectively producted by deleting specific genes. The results showed that 1A8, 1F2 and 2D2’s corresponding epitopes are in 627 bp~790 bp sites of IMPDH gene and 2D12’s is in 411 bp~790 bp sites. The successful preparation of monoclonal antibodies against IMPDH of SS2 and the analysis of epitopes would facilitate the further research on the biological and immunological activity of IMPDH.

Abstract:Yeast strain YS6-2 with high stereoselectivity was screened from 145 strains when the asymmetric reduction of acetophenone to (S)-1-phenethylalcohol was chosen as the model reaction. With the concentration of acetophenone at 70 mmol/L, YS6-2 yielded (S)-alcohol at 26.8% conversion and enantiomeric excess reached up to 98.8%. Based on the analysis of 18S rDNA and 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence, along with its general morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, YS6-2 was identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa.

Abstract:The most of secreted proteins are exported by Sec translocase (secretion pathway). SecA ATPase is one of the most important subunit in the Sec translocase, which is preprotein translocase nanomotor that undergo membrane insertion and deinsertion to drive preprotein across the bacterial inner membrane, and SecA is indispensable to bacteria. It should be presumed that the compound which inhibits the activity of SecA ATPase probably can be used as the candidate of bactericide. A secA gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was amplified and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21.19 (secA13). It has been shown that the wild-type SecA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa could fully complement the E. coli amber (secA13) mutant at the non-permissive temperature. So a cell level screening model targeting on SecA was established based on the above result. The inhibition of PaSecA ATPase activity was applied to validate the specificity of the cell-based method. Two positive samples based on both of cell and enzyme activities will be further studied.

Abstract:Multidrug efflux pump is the main reason for bacterial multidrug resistance, and it’s a challenge for the treatment of infectious diseases. Analysis of multidrug efflux pump offers us the mechanism and treatment ideas of bacterial multidrug resistance. New advances have been made in the study of Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC efflux pump structure and its regulation, which provides data for the multidrug resistance research in pathogenic bacterium. Progress in this area is reviewed here.

Abstract:The viable but noncuturable (VBNC) state is a survival strategy when bacteria are exposed to environment stress. The VBNC state is part of the life cycle of non-differentiating bacteria, and it has a far-reaching impact on traditional bacteriology. Cells in the VBNC state fail to grow on the routine bacteriological media, here its significance in human health and environment science are detailed. Cells entering the VBNC state exhibit dwarfing and a number of metabolic changes in respiration rates and macromolecular synthesis. This paper summarized the variations in DNA and protein comparing to the culturable cells. We also discussed the ability of cells to resuscitate from the VBNC state and return to an actively metabolizing and culturable form. Some new methods for monitoring the VBNC state were listed. Finally the future was suggested.

Abstract:Control strategy developed on physical and chemical variables or the effluent characteristics has lag effects and is not benefit to the stable operation of Wastewater Treatment Plant(WWTP) in long-term. Since operation variables of activated sludge process have distinct effects on the microfauna communities (here defined as protozoan and metazoan), their community structure can be used to indicate and assess the WWTP operation performance. Based on the classifying, identifying and counting of protozoan and metazoan, the relationship between microfauna community structure and operation performance of WWTP was discussed in detail, which might be used to indicate and assess the WWTP and be benefited to build control system oriented sludge population optimization. In addition, some new research directions were proposed in this review.

Abstract:Viral invasion will modify the patterns of host cell protein expression, which may affect the normal physiological function of host cell and determines viral pathogenic progress and consequence. Therefor, studies on viral infections proteomics contributes to uncover the mechanism of interaction between virus and host and viral molecular pathogenesis, found early biomarker of virus infection, develop earlier diagnostic method, evaluate therapeutic effect and prognosis and so on. In this paper, techniques of viral infection proteomics, the progress of changes of host cell proteome induced by virus, and serum differential proteome of host after viral infection were introduced.

Abstract:Microbial fouling is important one of fouling in industrial circulating cooling water system. In suitable conditions, microorganisms that caused the forming of fouling could reproduce rapidly, which would increase evidently fouling resistance, flow resistance and corrosion rate, so much as block water current path to result in running failure of equipments. This paper introduces the concept of microbial fouling, and illuminates the status, function and characteristic of detection technology research for microbial fouling. The present known forming processes of microbial fouling and their important impact factors are summed up. The commonly used monitoring methods at home and abroad, their merits and defects, and also the latest research developments are analyzed especially in the paper. At last, the authors point out the development trends of detection technology for microbial fouling.

Abstract:There is a symbiotic relationship between the huge ruminant microflora, which plays a crucial role in the metabolic mechanism of ruminant animal. This makes the ruminant microflora as a hotspot. Using methods of molecular biology such as probe methods, Real-time PCR DGGE/TGGE, RAPD and RFLP to study ruminant microbial ecology and metagenomic methods including YAC library and BAC library to study ruminant microflora functionality would attain the aim to approve the quality of milk and meat, meanwhile to explore the abundant resources of ruminant microflora.

Abstract:Student preparation for laboratory sessions is the first step of conducting laboratory experiments. It makes students maximize use of laboratory time and efficiently perform laboratory exercises in open labs. In view of teaching features and requirements of Microbiology experiment, we designed and developed ‘Online Student Preparation and Management System of Microbiology Experiment’, which integrated functions of student preparation for laboratory sessions and teacher management. In the system each experiment consists of six successive parts, viz., learning objectives, principle, materials and equipments, procedure video, manipulation simulation and online quiz. Teaching practices showed that the application of the system enhanced the preparing quality and makes the management of the experiment teaching more normalized and efficient. It was an effective measure in improving experimental teaching of Microbiology.

Abstract:Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Spirochetes and Actinobacteria were generally called “four pathogens and one bacterium”. It was always difficult to be denominated and classified rightly in textbooks, while it was also a key interfering with students to grasp the concept of bacteria exactly. So we raise the question and hope to learn from each other by an exchange of views here.

Abstract:Based on the teaching fact and feature of pharmacy specialty. In this article, curriculum location of general microbiology about object, character, function, content design for the higher vocational colleges were disscused. The result would provide some gist to reform teaching methods for microbiology course.

Abstract:This paper is discussed about course system construction of Microbiology, teaching method, instruction means and experimental teaching mode. Teaching practice indicated that reform the pattern of Microbiology educational mode can stimulate students’ interest in studying the course, cultivate their independent ability to solve questions, develop their creative thinking. It is an important way to train high-caliber talents.

Abstract:This paper investigated contamination situation of Listeria monocytogenes(Lm). To compare different selectivity enrichment broth for detectable effect of Lm and compare detectable effect in different samples by using different methods, furthermore, choose the best enrichment broth for specific food. One hundred and thirty five random samples from raw meat, aquatic product, fruit and vegetable, quick-frozen food in Baoding. Applied LB enrichment broth, EB enrichment broth, new modification FDA enrichment broth and Fraser enrichment broth before separated by PALCAM selective agar, then identified by international standard method after PCR. Results: Four methods showed that there were 23 Lm positive, detected 5 Lm by LB method, 6 Lm by Fraser method, 5 Lm by EB method and 7 Lm by new modification FDA method. The total detectable rate of four methods had no large specificity, but to specific kind of food was different.

Abstract:Firstly a suicide plasmid pEVP3-SDGFP which employed gfp as a reporter gene was constructed. DNA fragments of S. pneumoniae TIGR4 were cloned upstream of the promoterless green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene in pEVP3-SDGFP and a plasmid library which includes 58000 recombinants was constructed. Considering insert DNA orientation and insert size, this library represents 5 coverages of the 2.2 Mb S. pneumoniae genome. 90% of these clones had DNA fragments of S. pneumoniae and the library is random. Then this plasmid library was transformed into TIGR4. Through recombination, the plasmid DNA which includes the random DNA fragments was placed behind the homologous sequence of the genomic DNA of S. pneumoniae. The recombinants were screened according to the antibiotic gene in plasmid, and the S. pneumoniae library was obtained. This library includes 500000 S. pneumoniae transformants. Analysed by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry, this S. pneumoniae library contains both the in vivo-induced gene fragments and in vitro-expressing fragments which can be reported by GFP. So this promoter-trap library can be used in analyzing the in vivo-induced gene of S. pneumoniae by differential fluorescence induction.