Abstract:The Nsp14 gene of SARS coronavirus was cloned and expressed.On the basis of the reported amino acid sequence of the Nsp14 gene of SARS coronavirus，the primers were designed，the gene was cloned from the cDNA segment of SARS coronavirus by PCR，The target fragment was digested with BamHI and XhoI. Nsp14 gene was inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET30a to construct recombinant vector pET30a-Exo.Then，the competent E.coli cells were transformed by the recombinant vector and induced by IPTG.The Nsp14 were obtained in the form of fusion protein.It is a promising candidate for further studies.

Abstract:In greenhouse condition，arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices(AM-1) and Glomus spp.(AM-2) were propagated in symbiosis with four host plant species，or with six kinds of substrates，in pot culture.The quality of the resultant inoculums under different test conditions were evaluated by calculating their inoculum potential(IP).Results indicated that white clover and tobacco were the suitable hosts for the propagation of AM-1 and AM-2，and the inoculums derived from them had higher IP，followed by maize and grain sorghum.With white clover as host，the vermiculite was the best substrate to producing the high quality inoculums in terms of IP，followed by the perlite.In contrast，grass charcoal showed negative effect on the propagation of AM-1 and AM-2.

Abstract:This text involved with a pre-enrichment medium for the simultaneous recovery of Salmonella spp.，Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.This medium is named buffered saline broth(BSB)，which contains peptone 10g，beef exact 3g，disodium hydrogen phosphate 9g，potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.5g，additive 50g，deionized water 1 000mL，pH7.2.1cfu per one milliliter of Salmonella spp.，Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in saline were stimutaneously added to 97 mL of BSB，buffered peptone water，lactose broth，nutrient broth，Escherichia coli broth，rappaport-vassiliadis enrichment broth，7.5% sodium chloride enrichment medium，respectively，and incubated for 18h at 37℃.The results showed BSB was the best enrichment medium，in which Salmonella spp.，Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus multiplied at nearly same speed，and reached at 106、106、107cfu/mL，respectively.Multiplex PCR produced specific amplicons of expected sizes，284bp for Salmonella spp.invA gene，622bp for Escherichia coli phoA gene，484bp for Staphylococcus aureus nuc gene.In contrast，the three bacteria couldnt multiply harmoniously in the other six media.So BSB might be considered as the medium，which could enrich above mentioned three bacteria.

Abstract:Zwittermicin A was purified by ion exchange resin and HPLC from supernatants of Bacillus thuringiensis.subsp.kurstaki strain D1-23 cultivation.2.89mg pure Zwittermicin A was acquired ，proved by HPLC-MS.Results show that the optimized wash concentration of NH₄H₂PO₄ is 5mmol/L at first step.Next step CH₃COONH₄ concentration is 30 mmol/L，the gradient pH is 8.0～9.5.Totally 93% Zwittermicin A can be reserved with ion exchange resin.The temperature and pH stability experiments show the half life of Zwittermicin A is 48.22 minutes in 100℃，and it is more stable in lower pH in pH 2.0～12.0.

Abstract:Thirteen strains isolated from diseased materials of 11 citrus varieties collected from Beihai and Guilin districts were studied.Among 35 physiological characteristics assayed in 13 strains，25 items including citrate，malonate，growth at 36℃，NaCl tolerance，Tween 20，Tween 80，salicin，dulcitol，glucose，lactose，cellubiose，phenylalanine，raffinose，melezitose，adonitol，synanthrin，ribose，mannitol，arabinose，trehalose，melibiose，sorbitol，aesculin，tartrate，gelatin were identical and 10 items including acetate，D-fructose，valerate，rhamnose，xylose，sucrose，maltose，galactose，starch，mannose were different; 12 items including cytochrome C oxidase，catalase，MR，VP，hydrolysis of aesculin，production of levan，reduction of nitrate，production of urease，phenylalanine，arginine dihydrolase，lecithinase，hydrolysis of gelatin identical and 4 items including hydrolysis of starch，production of indole，production of H2S，litmus milk different among 16 biochemical ones in strains.The 13 strains could be differentiated by their sensitivities to 3 phages and be divided into 6 types，while no difference could be detected among the strains by the fatty acid profiles.

Abstract:Canrenone is an important intermediate for the synthesis of eplerenone，a cardiovascular drug.C₁₁α-hydroxylation of canrenone is the key reaction，which can be done by microbial transformation.Rhizopus sp.SIPI-0602，kept in our lab，could high selectively transform canrenone to a compound named SIPI-11.By determining and analyzing the MS，UV，NMR etc.spectra of compound SIPI-11，its chemical structure was elucidated to be 11α-hydroxycanrenone.The study on flask transformation technology showed that the transformation ratio exceeded 90% when the substrate concentration was not more than 6g/L.

Abstract:Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can infect the roots of Cercidiphyllaceae and form arbuscular mycorrhizae.Infection rate is from 12% to 30%，but infection strength is weak.4 species of Acaulospora and 11 species of Glomus were isolated and identified，including Acaulospora tuberculata，A.spinosa，A.foveata，A.denticulate，Glomus geosporum，G.clarum，G.constrictum，G.monosporum，G.laroideum，G.versifome，G.microcarpum，G.mosseae，G.hoi，G.halonatum and G.reticulatum.Among them，G.cercidiphyllorum is advantage species.So AMF may be a potent resource of biology which can stimulate the growth of Panax notoginseng.

Abstract:A L-histidine producing mutant was derived from Corynebacterium glutamicum HZ4221（TRA^RDCP^RAMTRhistidase^-）by means of mutagenesis with N-methy-N′-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine（NTG）.Contrast to original strain，the amount of histidine accumulation reached to a level of 5.31g/L in a medium containing 80g/Lglucose and 30g/L ammonium sulfate after cultured for 72 hours; the transketolase activity reduced to a degree of 15.7%.The utilization of the carbon sources，genetic stability，effect of metal ions were also been investigated in this paper.

Abstract:A α-glucosidase gene (hbg) was amplified with PCR from the total DNA of Thermus thermophilus and linked with pGEM-T vector.Hbg gene was inserted into the expression vector pET-28a(+) and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) with electroporation，finally the recombinant strain which could efficently secret recombinant α-glucosidase was obtained.Induced by IPTG，the expression products of hbg gene analysed by SDS-PAGE had a molecular mass of 59kD.The optimum temperature and optimum pH of the recombinant expression α-glucosidase were 95℃ and 5.0 respectively.

Abstract:Thioredoxin-rPA (Trx-rPA) was expressed in E.coli as inclusion body by high density fermentation.After washed，the inclusion body was dissolved in 6 mol/L Guanidine and 100 mmol/L DTT，which was adjusted to pH3.0 and dialysed against cold distilled water.After the fusion protein was purified by metal chelating affinity chromatography，its purity was up to 80%.By cystine derivatizing and pulse refolding，the yield of refolded Trx-rPA，of which the specific activity was around 3.5×10⁵ IU/mgPr.，was above 30%.Up to 85% of the refolded fusion protein could be cleaved by rEK. rPA，released from the breakage of fusion protein，was purified to homogeneity (purity ≥98%) by two-step purification of IDA-Sepharose and SP-Sepharose chromatography.Its specific activity was 580000IU/mgPr.The yield of rPA was above 300mg/L broth.

Abstract:The cultivation and rapid detection of ammonia-oxidizers have been nodus in debugging and monitoring of high ammonia concentration wastewater treatment engineering.In this research，landfill leachate biofilms and suspended active sludge in different operation periods were sampled in Guangzhou Datianshan landfill leachate treating system.The in situ spacial organization of ammonia-oxidizing β-proteobacteria of samples was investigated by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and with scan electron microscope (SEM).FISH and SEM observation revealed that in the start up period，micro-organisms initially attached on the lacunose part of carrier matrix.The bacteria total quantity kept growing in the biofilms of 7，20，50，106，155 day.The proportion of ammonia-oxidizing β-roteobacteria is approximately 60％ among all biomass in the early 7th day and 40％ in the 20th day samples，which means that ammonia-oxidizers firstly inhabit on the surface of the carrier matrix as the dominant component of the community in the process of biofilm forming.The biofilm was mature in the 50 day samples detected by FISH and SEM.The proportion of ammonia-oxidizer attached on the surface of carrier kept a relatively steady value of approximately 35% among all biomass in the 50th day，106th day and 155th day biofilms samples.The proportion of ammonia-oxidizers in the suspended active sludge sampling at the same time with biofilm samples is unstable and far below the proportion in biofilm grown on the carrier surface.The proportion of ammonia-oxidizers in suspended active sludge declined obviously when the concentration of NH4-N in the effluents increased to 70mg/L，but the proportion of ammonia-oxidizers in biofilms was not affected and kept a relatively steady value of approximately 30%，meanwhile，the ammonia-oxidizers still work well in the treating system.These results indicate that the application of FISH provide a rapid method for detection of nitrifying bacteria and an academic reference for debugging of environmental engineering.

Abstract:Based on the assessment of protease (acid，neutral and alkaline protease) activity and amylase activity (α- amylase and β- amylase)，one Aspergillus oryzae K61 was selected from five wild Aspergillus oryzae which are original from spontaneous fermented soybean paste.One Aspergillus oryzae Y29 was screened with ultraviolet radiation.The Aspergillus oryzae Y29 can produce higher protease activity than original Aspergillus oryzae K61，and its hereditary stability is higher.Compared with Aspergillus oryzae 3.042，the Aspergillus oryzae Y29 showed higher protease activity，however，the both strains did not have significant difference on the amylase activity，growing speed of the strain and number of spore.Both strains were applied to producing soybean paste.The soybean that was produced by Aspergillus oryzae Y29 has full-bodied soybean paste flavor，and the soluble nitrogen (0.77g/100ml) is higher than the Aspergillus oryzae 3.042.

Abstract:In order to know the composition of bacterial community in the pit mud of Luzhou-flavor liquor，and to study further the relationship between microbial diversity and liquor characteristics，traditional microbial classification and identification methods were carried out to analyze the culturable facultative anaerobes in the mud samples from both bottoms and walls of the pits of different ages.The bacterial strains were identified to genus according to their morphological，physiological and biochemical characteristics.Counted by using dilution-plate method，the total amount of bacterial colonies in the bottom of older pit was found to be the highest，reaching to 3.98 10³cfu/g mud.While the least was found in the wall of younger pit，only 0.24 10³cfu/g mud.So the older the pit mud is，the bigger the bacterial community is.The result of identification showed that most of the strains isolated from pit mud belong to the genera Bacillus and Sporolactobacillus，those belong to genera Mycobacterium，Pseudomonas，Microbacterium，Corynebacterium，Flavobacterium and Clostridium were also existent.

Abstract:Nitrate reductase (NR) increased 1.6 folds in the acetate-added culture of Haematococcus pluvialis.Consequently，the algal cells absorbed nitrate quickly for heterotrophic growth，leading to ultimately short supply of nitrogen，which in turn inhibited the formation of chlorophyll and the activity of ribulose-1，5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco).When astaxanthin synthesis was triggered on the fourth day，nitrate concentration，chlorophyll content and Rubisco activity reduced by 96.7%，71.9% and 80%，respectively.By contrast，in the culture without acetate，chlorophyll content and Rubisco activity decreased only 47.2%，27.3% and 4.4% at the end of the experiment with no astaxanthin accumulated.

Abstract:A novel raw-starch-digesting glucoamylase producer，Rhizopus sp.W-08，was used in a novel fermentation system of solid-state followed by submerged，and high enzyme activity of 72 IU/mL was obtained.In the following simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process，Saccharomyces cerevisiae Z-06 directly converted raw corn flour to ethanol with the concentration of 21 % (V/V) at 30℃ after 48h.The conversion efficiency of raw corn flour to ethanol was 94.5 % of the theoretical ethanol yield.

Abstract:In present study，bovine Lactoferricin was first secretly expressed in Pichia pastors yeast expression system.The synthesized LfcinB gene fragment was cloned into expression vector pPIC9K，and then obtained recombinant plasmid，designated as pPIC9K-LfcinB，was linearized and transformed into Pichia pastors strains SMD1168 by electroporation.The transformants were screened with Geneticin and multiply-copy colonies were harvested，in which LfcinB gene was verified to inserted into yeast chromosome stably.The positive recombinant Pichia strains were induced with methanol to express LfcinB in culture supernatant.Its expressive products has high activity of killing bacteria.We concluded that LfcinB gene was cloned and integrated into yeast chromosomes，and obtained expression peptide was tested to have high antibacterial activity.

Abstract:A H₂-producing bacterial strain was newly isolated and identified as Enterbacte sakazakii HP by 16S rDNA sequence analysis and detection by BBLCRYSTAL AUTOREADER.Various factors，including substrates and its concentration，initial pH，temperature and oxygen，on the hydrogen production of E.sakazakii HP have been studied extensively.Among several sugars，glucose was the favorite substrate for hydrogen production.The optimum condition for hydrogen production by Enterbacte sakazakii HP was achieved as：initial pH8.0，cell density OD₆₀₀=0.7，temperature 35℃，glucose concentration 0.1 mol/L，oxygen concentration 0%.Under batch fermentative hydrogen production conditions，the maximal hydrogen production activity and hydrogen yield were obtained as 5.34μmol H₂/h·mg dw and 1.94mol H₂/mol glucose，respectively.The research results suggest that Enterbacter sakazakii HP is an ideal candidater for biological hydrogen production.

Abstract:The phenol degradation in three-phase fluidized-bed was investigated by using immobilized Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 cells with the aim to improve the efficiency of phenol degradation.The results indicated that the abilities to degrade phenol and resistant to heavy metals of R.metallidurans CH34 have been greatly improved by immobilized cells in three-phase fluidized-bed.The immobilized cells were stable after used for 3~4 batches repeatedly.The present results provided the reliable basis for the application of R.metallidurans CH34 in bio-treatment of phenol-containing industrial waster water.

Abstract:The protoplasts from Monascus purpureus 9903A were transformed with hygromycin B resistance plasmid pMP-Hygro.The transformation medium contained 50 mmol/L Ca²⁺ and 40％PEG4000 with 1.0mol/L sorbitol an osmotic stabilizer.The protoplasts concentration is1×10⁸ /mL and the quantity of vectors is 1 μg/100μL protoplasts.In this study，the average transformation ratio is 160 colonies/μg DNA.

Abstract:The morphology，cultural characteristics，physiological and biochemical properties of phosphate solubilizing strain BL-11 were studied.Combine with its 16S rDNA sequence analysis result strain BL-11 was identified as Brevibacillus laterosporus.Results showed that the phosphate solubilizing efficiency of strain BL-11was up to 10.91% when with Ca₃(PO₃)₂ as the sole phosphorus source in the medium，while the efficiency of that was up to 1.56% when with sands as the sole phosphorus source.An optimal media of BL-11 strain for solubilizing phosphate was obtained by orthogonal test.It was composed of sugar 20g/L，(NH₄)₂HCO₃ 0.3g/L，MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.5g/L，NaCl 0.3g/L，KCl 0.5g/L，FeSO₄ 0.03g/L，MnSO₄.H₂O 0.03g/L. While other conditions were consisted of initial pH7.0-8.0，180 r/min，and 30℃.

Abstract:Isocitrate lyase (ICL) which plays a pivotal role in the glyoxylate cycle of mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) could be a potential target against mycobacterium tuberculosis.Deoxyribozyme(DRz) is a small single-strand，enzymatic DNA molecule.Assistant by sketch of secondary structure，appropriate and not appropriate target sequences of MTB ICL mRNA were predicted.Two DRzs were designed targeting above sequences respectively.To affirm feasibility of this kind of prediction，in vitro cleavage of MTB ICL mRNA segment by DRz-ICLcf and DRz-ICLcj were performed.The results showed that sketch of secondary structure could indeed predict potential target of DRz.This research will provide basis for developing DRz as a novel antimicrobial agent against MTB.

Abstract:A 1.2kb of 16S rDNA length frgement is obtained by nest polymerase chain reaction from paulownia witches phytoplasma samples which were collected from Shaanxi，Shanxi，Gansu，Henan，Hebei，Shandong Province，and also a 850bp DNA fragement of tuf (EF-Tu) gene was amplified from above samples using primers (fTufu/rTufu). Homologic analysis shows that it is the same of 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences of PaWB-Shaanxi，PaWB-Taiwan and that of PaWB from Shanxi，Gansu，Henan，Hebei，Shandong Province.All species of PaWB phytoplasma，from different regions，are believed to be a 16Sr I-D group of phytoplasma.Therefore，we can confirm classified position of PaWB phytoplasma from China.

Abstract:Aimed at effect of microbiological control on Chironomidae in water plants，LC₅₀ of a produce of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. iaraelensis (Bti) on Chironomus was tested，and a spot experiment was carried through in a water plant polluted by Chironomus.Resultes showed，LC₅₀ of Bti on Chironomus was 0.318mg/L，Chironomus Larvae were killed by Bti in 24 hours，adults cleared away in 36 hours，and the sedimentation tank had been kept from Chironomid pollution for longer than 10 weeks.The charge of microbiological-control on Chironomid pollution is third of that of chlorine.It is indicated that microbiological control is effective and ecnomic in Chironomid pollutioncontrol in city water supply.

Abstract:This paper reports the flocculated fermentation as a new method of propionic acid production.Propionibacterium shermanii W125 were used，29.0g/L propionic acid was accumulated in batch fermentation.In the subsequently established fed batch semicontinous fermentation，35.4g/L propionic acid was accumulated，raised to 122% and the conversion rate of glucose to propionic acid reached 51.56%，the volumetric productivity reached 0.37g/（L/h）during the 250 hours running cycle.

Abstract:A total of 10 nonrepetitive multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter strains were collected.With the reference of A.calcoaceticus (ATCC23055)，A.baumannii (ATCC19606) A.lwoffii (ATCC17986) and A.junii (NCTC5866)，DNA fingerprint techniques ARDRA (Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction Analysis) and RAPD (Random amplified polymorphism DNA) were carried out to identify the genomic species of Acinetobacter spp.The distances between them were calculated by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic (UPGMA).Genotypes of Acinetobacter spp.can be effectively classified and an A.junii together with nine A.baumannii isolates was genomically identified.The combination of ARDRA and RAPD DNA-fingerprint technique showed high complementarity，it could be a useful tool in Acinetobacter genomic species identification.

Abstract:17 strains of bacterium that produced a large amount of γ-PGA when it was grown aerobically in a culture medium containing ammonium salt and sugar as sources of nitrogen and carbon respectively，were isolated from bean products.With the following identifications of colony morphology，physiological and biochemistry experiments，and genetics，the strain PGA-O-7 was classified as a Bacillus subtilis.The PGA production 2.8 (mg/mL) was obtained when it was grown in a medium containing 3% ammonium sulfate and 4% glucose at 30℃ for 72h with sharking.

Abstract:To explore the effects of dissolved oxygen on the fermentation of L-threonine and the method for controlling dissolved oxygen.The influence of dissolved oxygen on the synthesis of L-threonine during fermentation was studied under various volumes，various oxygen supply manners.L-threonine was produced by fed-batch fermentation styles，L-threonine fermentation concentration in fermention broth was determined with the methods of amino acid analysis system.The productivity of L-threonine was 118.9g/L in 10-liter fermentor in 36 h，the conversion rate of glucose is 47.6%.Dissolved oxygen influenced the synthesis of L-threonine significantly.A fermentation process for controlling dissolved oxygen was developed.

Abstract:By reviewing fresh (medicine) fungi production process of history，expounded the modern food (medicine) with fungal fermentation engineering including liquid fermentation and solid state fermentation research，and highlighted the diversity of new solid-state fermentation works for the founding and development of mankind can provide inexhaustible，unlimited access to the traditional production process valuable end products.

Abstract:Increased recognition of human parvovirus B19，as a significant human pathogen has resulted in intensive researches to understand the pathogenesis of B19 infection，to elucidate the nature of Th1-mediated cellular immune response，to improve diagnostic strategy that is deployed to detect B19 infection and blood-product contamination，and to lay a foundation that should contribute to the development of an effective vaccine to prevent B19

Abstract:Nowadays，oil-pollution of seawater in the world has severely threatened the security of sea entironment.Bioremediation offers one available option for an oil spill response.The aspects as follows are introduced some evolvement of microbial ecology，including new method of survey of microbial diversity without cultivation，new isolated method and the properties of main hydrocarbon degradated strain.But we have little or no understanding of the vast majority of marine bacteria that remain uncultured，and more efforts should be made to improve current methods for isolating oil-degrading or oil-emulsifying bacteria，not only for assessing the fate and effects of the spilled oil，but also for isolating novel bacteria that would be useful for the petroleum industry.

Abstract:The traditional view of bacterial life cycle consists of four phases，namely，lag phase，exponential or logarithmic phase，stationary phase and death phase.Although the standard textbook description of the bacterial life cycle has been useful，might not always provide us the whole visage of bacteria growth process.Recently，it has demonstrated that bacterial life cycle is expanded to five phases.It is a significant different growth phase after death phase：long-term stationary phase，which may be more akin to the nature environment in which microorganisms exist.Microbial cells survive due to mutating，and forming growth advantage during stationary phase (GASP) phenotype in this phase.It is very important for further study the microorganisms in this phase.

Abstract:Metaproteomics is a new technology applied in the studying gene expression in microbial communities.It is termed as the large-scale characterization of the entire protein complement of environmental microbiota at a given point in time.This review highlighted the strategies of the metaproteomics and the recent application of studying the microbial consortia.

Abstract:Heterokaryon incompatibility is a widespread phenomenon among fungi，controlled by specific loci termed het (for heterokaryon incompatibility).This review focuses on recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of nonself recognition and the relationship between the death progresses of heterokaryon incompatibility and associated proteins in fungi.The deep research of heterokaryon incompatibility mechanism will hopefully reveal underlying principles of the evolution of nonself recognition systems and will find some effective method for settling the instability of protoplast fusant of fungi.

Abstract:Ethanol can be produced from lignocellulose by first hydrolysing the material to sugars，including hexose，and pentose，and then fermenting the hydrolysate to ethanol.Hydrolysis using dilute-acid has advantages over other methods.However，compounds which inhibit fermentation are generated during this kind of hydrolysis.Therefore，it is important to focus on microorganisms metabolizing xylose and tolerating/decomposing inhibitors，on detoxification methods of hydroly- sates with low-cost and facilitated to scale-up，and different fermentation modes in ethanol production from hydrolysate.This review summarized the advance in above aspects.

Abstract:Moderately halophilic eubacteria that able to live in saline environments offer a multitude of potential applications in various fields of biotechnology.The technical applications of food industry comprise fermented foods and food additive.Enzymes，such as amylase and lipase，are of activity in high salt environments for commercial purposes.Compatibles solutes are useful as stabilizers of biomacromolecule and salt antagonists.Other useful such as biosurfactants and exopolysaccharides，are interest for microbial enhanced oil recovery and bioremediation and so on.

Abstract:The aseptic status of microalgaes is regarded as the further research base of physiological and genetic characteristics of microalgaes.The research development of aseptic purification technique of microalgaes in recent years was introduced，including pouring and streaking plate technique，centrifugal washing technique，dilution and filting method，radiation technique，capillary isolation technique，antibiotics technique，chemical disinfectant technique，and the technique based on the utilization of the other properties of microalgaes.

Abstract:Puff-balls is a very distinctive macro-fungi in biodiversity.It is used to be a styptic，repellent and alexipharmic in China.This paper simply summarizes the puffball′s taxonomy in the fungi and its distribution in the world; and emphasizes on its composition，food uses，medical uses，herbalism studies and progress of researches on clinical applications.And it points out the patent prospect and current problems of the puff-balls.

Abstract:According to the requirement of subject structuring and specific development，this paper combine with the teaching experience of fermentology course to make a preliminary discussion about how to reform teaching material、teaching method and practice content.

Abstract:Fundamental specialized courses are important due to their connection between fundamental knowledge and major knowledge，which are regarded as the difficult courses for undergraduates to learn.The useful approaches and experience of bilingual teaching in microbiology，one of the fundamental specialized courses for the students majoring in Bioengineering，are presented here.The key aspects such as choosing textbooks，teaching manners and teaching contents are also discussed.This paper also proposes how to improve the quality of bilingual teaching during the fundamental specialized courses.

Abstract:In recent years，with the increasing of immunocompromised patients in clinical practice，invasive candidiasis has been increased accordingly. Although several antifungal drugs，including polyenes，azoles，5-flucytosine，and echinocandins，have been used widely to treat invasive candidiasis，the treatment failure that caused by the resistance of Candida albicans to these antifungal drugs have been reported widely. Here，we reviewed the molecular mechanisms of resistance to azoles，polyenes，5-flucytosine，and echinocandins，such that to provide an update on these issues.

Abstract:In order to obtain an efficient screening procedure for identification of succinate producing anaerobic strains，a semi-quantitative paper chromatography method was developed. Lactic acid and acetic acid were identified as the main byproducts in the process of succinate production by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Succinic acid was completely separated from the byproducts of lactic acid and acetic acid in the same broth developed by paper chromatography.The content of succinic acid was calculated by a semi-quantitative method.The results showed that paper chromatography was a simple and cost effective method that could be utilized to screen anaerobic strains producing succinic acid.

Abstract:Influence of incubation temperatures and pH values of culture liquid on growth of Escherichia coli and the fluorescent intensity of culture liquid had been investigated.E.coli incubated at 44℃ in the culture liquid with a pH value in the range of 7.0～7.5 was found to be the best condition for fluorescent assay.Single tube technology to detect E.coli was established through the studies on the relationship between incubation time，inoculation quantity of E.coli and the fluorescent intensity of culture liquid.Relatively standard diversity of single tube detection technology was lower than those of colony-counting method and the most probably number method.The results indicated that the single tube quantitative detection method was fit for E.coli quantitative detection because of the several advantages such as less time-consuming and more economical compared with traditional methods.

Abstract:In this paper，thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR(TAIL-PCR) was adopted to amplify DNA sequences flanking T-DNA of pigment-producing mutants of Monascus spp. Seven DNA fragment which renged from 500bp to 1300bp were isolated. Then the fragment were sequenced and their functions were analyzed with Blast tool on line supplied by NCBI. The results showed that one of the DNA sequences was of similarity to the nucleotide sequence was of similarity to the necleotide sequence coding for the developmental regulator of flbA from Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 and the similarity of them amounted to 82%. The successful amplification to Monascus spp.by TAIL-PCR provides an efficient method to isolate DNA sequences flanking T-DNA from the monascus insertional mutants on a large scale and will be beneficial to investigate the functional gene of Monascus spp.