Growth factors and control measures of nontuberculous mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: a review

Abstract:

The prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection has been increasing worldwide in recent years, posing a threat to public health. Drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) represent an important reservoir and a primary transmission route for NTM. However, the growth factors and control measures of NTM remain elusive in DWDSs. This review summarizes the growth and transmission features of NTM and analyses the influence of environmental and engineering factors (disinfectant, organic carbon, pipe material, and temperature) and biotic factors (biofilm, amoeba, and bacteria) on the abundance and diversity of NTM. Further, we summarize the control approaches towards NTM and their effectiveness in DWDSs from source to taps and identify the research gaps and further research needs.