低温秸秆降解菌研究进展

Research progress in straw-degrading psychrotrophic microorganisms

摘要:

我国北方地区是农业生产主产区，每年产生大量秸秆废弃物。秸秆中富含的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素形成复杂的三维结构导致降解困难。采收季后的秋冬季时间长、气温低，进一步增大秸秆降解难度。开发低温菌剂提高秸秆降解效率至关重要。常见的低温秸秆降解菌包括细菌和真菌。其中，真菌木质素降解能力强；尽管细菌木质素降解能力不强，但对低温耐受性强。秸秆降解由多种酶系协同参与导致单一菌株很难降解完全，复合菌在秸秆降解过程中发挥着重要的作用。通过自然筛选、人工复配和温度梯度适应等技术，筛选获得耐低温的复合菌。本综述为进一步开发高效秸秆降解菌剂、促进低温条件下秸秆类农业废弃物资源化利用提供技术参考。

Abstract:

A large quantity of straw waste is produced in northern China, the main area of agricultural production. The complex three-dimensional structure formed by lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose makes straw difficult to be degraded. Furthermore, the low temperature environment after harvest enhances the difficulty of straw degradation. Psychrotrophic microorganisms could promote straw degradation at low temperatures. Straw-degrading microorganisms include bacteria and fungi. Among them, fungi are powerful in lignin degradation. Bacteria have low lignin-degrading activities but high tolerance to low temperatures. Because the degradation of straw is coordinated by many enzymes, straw is difficult to be completely degraded by single strains. Psychrotrophic strain combinations with powerful straw decomposition performance are widely used in straw degradation. These combinations can be obtained by screening of strains from the nature, mixing of strains, and acclimation to temperature gradients. This review provides technical reference for efficiently screening straw-degrading microorganisms and promoting straw utilization under low temperature conditions.