宏基因组学在环境微生物组研究中的应用与展望

Applications and perspectives of metagenomics in environmental microbiome research

摘要:

自2005年罗氏公司推出首台商业化第二代DNA测序仪，基于高通量测序的宏基因组学方法被广泛用于各种环境中微生物群落的组成和功能分析，揭示了环境微生物组中蕴藏着的大量未被发现的新物种、新基因、酶和代谢过程。该系列工作表明了未培养微生物在驱动生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要作用，同时促进了污染物降解、环境修复、生物技术和天然药物研发等领域的理论突破和技术创新。本文从发现新的物种、功能基因(簇)、物质代谢途径和微生物(M)-环境(E)-效能(P)关联4个方面综述了宏基因组学在环境微生物组研究中的应用与进展，并对未来研究进行了展望。

Abstract:

Since Roche launched the first commercial next-generation DNA sequencer in 2005, high-throughput sequencing-based metagenomic approaches have been widely employed to analyze the composition and functions of microbial communities in various environments, revealing numerous novel species, genes, enzymes, and metabolic processes within environmental microbiomes. The relevant work indicates that uncultured microorganisms play crucial roles in driving biogeochemical cycles and promotes theoretical breakthroughs and technological innovation in areas such as pollutant degradation, environmental remediation, biotechnology, and natural pharmaceutical development. This review comprehensively discusses the applications and progress of metagenomics in environmental microbiome, focusing on four aspects of discovery including new species, functional genes (clusters), metabolic pathways, and Microorganism-Environment-Performance (M-E-P) nexus, and prospects the future research.