Microbiology is a basic course for all the majors of biological sciences and a discipline with strong practical and research properties. The development of the theory and the innovation of biotechnology promote and complement each other. With the advancing of science and technology and the emerging of research achievements, the teaching contents of Microbiology must keep pace with the times and present the latest achievements of the frontiers. Taking the knowledge and taxonomic evolution of actinomycetes as an example, we expound the content innovation of the chapter of actinomycetes in the course of Microbiology. This paper aims to facilitate the establishment of a more reasonable teaching system for Microbiology, so as to improve the teaching and lay a foundation for training a group of high-quality talents in biological sciences.