Synonymous codons usage pattern as a bridge between nucleotides and amino acids, and their diversity mediates the ribosome scanning rate while expanding the genetic information storage of genes. With the application of new technologies, studies have demonstrated that specific codons and codon binding can modulate ribosome scanning rate and protein folding. Synonymous codon usage patterns affect the ribosome scanning rate in different ways and the stability of corresponding mRNAs. This paper briefly describes how the synonymous codon usage patterns regulate polypeptide chain extension in the process of ribosome scanning and translation of mRNA, which provides reference for the optimization of protein expression in bioengineering in the future.
