污水短程硝化体系氨氧化菌与亚硝酸盐氧化菌的生态学研究进展

Progress in microbial ecology of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in partial nitrification systems for wastewater treatment

摘要:

短程硝化(partial nitrification, PN)是一种绿色低碳的生物脱氮创新技术，伴随厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation, Anammox)污水脱氮技术的进一步推广，短程硝化作为提供其电子受体的重要环节，已成为了污水脱氮领域的研究热点。氨氧化菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, NOB)是该技术的核心竞争微生物，掌握这两类微生物的生态学特征，借助生态学理论和手段调控AOB淘汰NOB，提高种群的可预测性，对于实现稳定高效的短程硝化具有重要意义。本文基于生态学角度介绍了AOB和NOB基础分类、生理性能及生态位分离，重点综述了短程硝化系统中AOB和NOB的生长动力学、群落构建、环境因素和相互作用，最后对这两类微生物的未来研究重点和研究方法进行了展望，为短程硝化工艺的快速启动和稳定运行提供理论指导。

Abstract:

Partial nitrification (PN) is a novel low-carbon technology for biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. With the application of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), PN, as the essential electron acceptor (i.e., NO₂^-) supplier for anammox, has become a hot topic in the field of wastewater nitrogen removal. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) are the two key groups of microorganisms involved in PN. To achieve a stable and efficient PN process, we need to clarify the microbial ecology of AOB and NOB for the washout of NOB and regulation of AOB and strengthen the predictability of microbial community. From the viewpoint of microbial ecology, this review introduced the taxonomic status, physiological properties, and niche separation of AOB and NOB, and highlighted the growth kinetics, community assembly, environmental factors, and mutual interactions of AOB and NOB in the PN process. Finally, we propose the future research directions involving the two groups of microorganisms, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the rapid start-up and stable operation of the PN process.