anti-CRISPR的起源、发展和应用

Origin, development, and application of anti-CRISPR

摘要:

细菌和古菌等微生物与病毒（噬菌体）之间的生存之战是一场“军备竞赛”。细菌和古菌已经进化出多种先天和适应性的免疫系统来抵御噬菌体的入侵。噬菌体则利用不同的对抗策略来躲避这些噬菌体防御机制。CRISPR-Cas （Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-Associated）系统就是细菌和古菌广泛编码的一种抵御噬菌体等外源遗传元件的获得性免疫系统，与此同时，噬菌体也进化出特异性的anti-CRISPR来抵抗CRISPR-Cas系统的免疫。本文系统综述了anti-CRISPR的发现过程、分类和作用机制，并展望了其潜在的应用。

Abstract:

The battle for survival between microbes such as bacteria and archaea and viruses (bacteriophages) is an arms race. Bacteria and archaea have evolved innate and adaptive immune systems to protect themselves from viruses. Viruses use different counter-defense strategies to evade these phage defense mechanisms. The CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated) system is an adaptive immune system that is widely encoded by bacteria and archaea to resist foreign genetic elements such as viruses. At the same time, viruses also evolved specific anti-CRISPR to resist the immunity of the CRISPR-Cas system. In this paper, the discovery process, classification and mechanism of anti-CRISPR have been systematically reviewed, and their potential applications have prospected.