生姜精油化学成分及其抗菌活性

Chemical component and antibacterial activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil

摘要:

【背景】随着耐药微生物种类的增多和耐药性增强，抗耐药微生物新药的发现已成为全球关注的问题。生姜精油是纯天然植物精油，是天然抗菌材料的优选。【目的】分析生姜精油的化学成分，研究生姜精油对常见条件致病菌抗菌活性的影响，并阐明其可能的抗菌机制。【方法】采用气相色谱/质谱技术(Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry，GC/MS)对生姜精油的化学成分进行分析，利用牛津杯法、最小抑菌浓度法(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration，MIC)、最小杀菌浓度法(Minimum Bactericidal Concentration，MBC)和生长曲线绘制法研究生姜精油的抗菌活性和抗菌动力学特征，并通过透射电镜(Transmission Electron Microscopy，TEM)观察生姜精油对细菌超微结构的影响。【结果】生姜精油的化学成分主要为姜烯(22.014%)、β-倍半水芹烯(11.276%)、α-法呢烯(8.222%)、α-姜黄烯(6.854%)、姜酮(5.610%)、姜辣二酮(5.192%)、6-姜烯酚(4.670%)、桧烯(3.393%)和β-红没药烯(3.080%)等萜类物质。生姜精油对枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC和MBC分别为2.3 μg/mL和4.6 μg/mL；对表皮葡萄球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC均为9.2 μg/mL，MBC均为18.4 μg/mL；对肺炎克雷伯菌的MIC和MBC分别为18.4 μg/mL和36.8 μg/mL。生长曲线结果显示，生姜精油能延长细菌的生长停滞期、抑制细菌的生长速率。透射电镜结果表明，生姜精油能引起细菌细胞膜破损，致使胞内物质渗漏。【结论】生姜精油富含萜类化合物，具有中度的抗菌活性，能破坏细菌细胞膜的完整性，引起菌体损伤和死亡。本文有望更好地为有害微生物的防控提供新方法。

Abstract:

[Background] With the increase of resistant microorganisms and the enhancement of drug resistance, it has become a global concern to find new drugs against resistant microorganisms. Ginger essential oil is a pure natural plant essential oil, which is a preferred choice of natural antibacterial materials. [Objective] To analyze chemical components of ginger essential oil, study its antibacterial activity against common opportunistic pathogens, and illustrate its possible antibacterial mechanisms. [Methods] The chemical components of ginger essential oil were analyzed using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antibacterial activity of ginger essential oil was studied by Oxford cup method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), respectively. Its kinetic growth characteristics were recorded by dynamic growth curves. The effect of ginger essential oil on bacterial ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). [Results] The main chemical components of ginger essential oil were terpenes, including zingiberene (22.014%), β-sesquiphellandrene (11.276%), α-farnesene (8.222%), α-curcumene (6.854%), zingerone (5.610%), gingerdione (5.192%), 6-shogaol (4.670%), sabinene (3.393%), and β-bisabolene (3.080%). The MIC and MBC of ginger essential oil were 2.3 μg/mL and 4.6 μg/mL for Bacillus subtilis, 9.2 μg/mL and 18.4 μg/mL for both Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus aureus, 18.4 μg/mL and 36.8 μg/mL for Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The experimental results of dynamic growth curves showed that ginger essential oil could prolong the growth lag phase and inhibit the growth rate of the bacteria. Moreover, results of TEM observation showed that ginger essential oil could destroy the cellular membrane and cause the leakage of the intracellular macromolecules. [Conclusion] Ginger essential oil is rich in terpenoids and has moderate antibacterial activity, which could destroy the integrity of cellular membrane and cause cell damage and death. This paper is expected to provide new methods for the prevention and control of harmful microorganisms.