深海微生物高压适应与生物地球化学循环

High pressure adaptation of deep-sea microorganisms and biogeochemical cycles

摘要:

深海是典型的高压环境, 嗜压微生物是深海生态系统中的重要类群。随着深海采样技术的发展及高压微生物特殊培养设备的开发, 已从深海环境中分离到一系列嗜压微生物, 包括一些常压环境不能生长的严格嗜压菌。对这些嗜压菌的研究, 不仅对微生物适应极端高压环境的机制有一定了解, 而且发现了一些特殊的代谢产物。研究微生物高压嗜压机理, 还有助于探索地球生命的温度压力极限及生命起源和演化等科学问题。从深海嗜压微生物多样性、深海微生物高压环境适应机理及深海微生物在生物地球化学循环中的作用等方面对嗜压微生物的研究进展进行综述。

Abstract:

Deep-sea environment is typically under pressure where piezophiles are the dominant life-forms in such ecosystem. As the development of sampling and cultivation techniques, various piezophilic microorganisms have been isolated from deep-sea, including certain obligated piezophilic species which cannot grow under ambient pressure. Through previous systematic investigations on these piezophiles, the adaptation mechanism to elevated pressure has been partly revealed and some unique metabolites have been identified. Moreover, the research on piezophic microorganisms also helps us to better understand the limitation, origin and evolution of life. This review will focus on the diversity of piezophic microorganisms and their adaptation strategies, thereafter try to illustrate the important roles that the deep-marine microorganisms have been playing on the global geobiochemistry through historical record.