微生物耐辐射机制研究进展

Research progress in radioresistance mechanisms of microorganisms

摘要:

部分耐辐射微生物能在远超大型生物致死剂量数千倍的电离辐射环境中存活，其背后复杂的分子机制长期以来都是生命科学领域的研究热点。近年来，随着多组学技术及结构生物学的发展，对其耐辐射机制的理解取得了显著进展。目前研究揭示，微生物极强的耐辐射能力并非依赖单一机制，而是由一套高效协同的多层次防御系统所支撑。其核心机制包括：DNA损伤修复能力、抗氧化系统、细胞结构与保护机制。本文从细菌、古菌、真菌的角度阐述耐辐射微生物的进化起源，并对微生物耐辐射机制展开分析，着重说明DNA损伤修复、抗氧化系统以及一些特殊物质对辐射损伤的保护作用，较为深入地分析了当前研究存在的问题，进而提出了未来可能的研究方向，为耐辐射机制的研究及辐射损伤防护剂的研发提供参考。

Abstract:

Extremely radioresistant microorganisms can survive ionizing radiation at doses thousands of times greater than those lethal to higher organisms. The complex molecular mechanisms behind this extraordinary ability have long been a research hotspot in life sciences. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in understanding their radioresistance mechanisms, attributing to advances in multi-omics and structural biology. Studies have revealed that extreme radioresistance is supported by an efficient and synergistic multi-level defense system rather than a single mechanism. The core mechanisms primarily include exceptional DNA damage repair capabilities, a robust antioxidant system, and unique protective cellular structures. This article elaborates on the origins and evolution of radioresistant microorganisms from the perspectives of bacteria, archaea, and fungi. It analyzes the radioprotection mechanisms in extremophiles, focusing on DNA damage repair, the antioxidant system, and the protection offered by specific substances. In addition, this paper offers an in-depth analysis of existing challenges and proposes potential future research directions, aiming to provide references for delving into radioresistance mechanisms and developing radioprotective agents.