微生物学通报  2021, Vol. 48 Issue (7): 2467−2482

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刘鑫鑫, 张雨薇, 王敏, 周迎, 段燕文, 黄勇, 颜晓晖
LIU Xinxin, ZHANG Yuwei, WANG Min, ZHOU Ying, DUAN Yanwen, HUANG Yong, YAN Xiaohui
信号分子在链霉菌天然产物发现和开发中的应用研究进展
Application of signal molecules in the discovery and development of Streptomyces natural products: a review
微生物学通报, 2021, 48(7): 2467-2482
Microbiology China, 2021, 48(7): 2467-2482
DOI: 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.210138

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-02-02
接受日期: 2021-04-08
网络首发日期: 2021-04-20
信号分子在链霉菌天然产物发现和开发中的应用研究进展
刘鑫鑫1 , 张雨薇2,3 , 王敏2,3 , 周迎4 , 段燕文1,5,6 , 黄勇1,6 , 颜晓晖1,7     
1. 中南大学湘雅国际转化医学联合研究院    湖南  长沙    410013;
2. 中国科学院微生物研究所微生物资源前期开发国家重点实验室    北京    100101;
3. 中国科学院大学    北京    100049;
4. 天津中医药大学国际学院    天津    301617;
5. 湖南省组合生物合成与天然工程研究中心    湖南  长沙    410205;
6. 新药组合生物合成国家地方联合工程研究中心    湖南  长沙    410205;
7. 天津中医药大学组分中药国家重点实验室    天津    301617
摘要: 链霉菌具有巨大的合成次级代谢产物的潜力,但在实验室常规培养条件下链霉菌中大部分生物合成基因簇是沉默的,或者表达量极低。链霉菌中信号分子可调节形态分化和代谢产物的生物合成。通过对编码这些信号分子合成酶或受体的基因进行操作,或在发酵液中添加信号分子,可以激活链霉菌中的沉默生物合成基因簇,发现新的天然产物,或者提升已发现的天然产物产量。本文以γ-丁内酯和γ-丁烯内酯两类信号分子为例总结了过去十余年中信号分子在链霉菌天然产物发现和产量提升中的应用,以期为微生物天然产物的开发提供借鉴。
关键词: 链霉菌    信号分子    调控网络    沉默基因簇    产量提升    
Application of signal molecules in the discovery and development of Streptomyces natural products: a review
LIU Xinxin1 , ZHANG Yuwei2,3 , WANG Min2,3 , ZHOU Ying4 , DUAN Yanwen1,5,6 , HUANG Yong1,6 , YAN Xiaohui1,7     
1. Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
4. International Education College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
5. Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China;
6. National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China;
7. State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Abstract: Streptomyces has great potential to produce novel natural products, but most of their biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are silent or expressed in an extremely low level under laboratory conditions. Signal molecules are used to regulate phenotypic differentiation and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Manipulation of genes encoding the synthetases or receptors for signal molecules, or addition of exogenous signal molecules into the fermentation medium relieves the repression of signal molecule receptors on the expression of Streptomyces BGCs. This strategy can be used to activate silent BGCs to discover novel natural products or to increase the titer of known secondary metabolites. In this review we used γ-butyrolactones (GBLs) and γ-butenolides as examples to summarize the application of signal molecules in the discovery and titer improvement of Streptomyces secondary metabolites, to provide a reference for the development of microbial natural products.
Keywords: Streptomyces    signal molecules    regulatory network    silent biosynthetic gene cluster    titer improvement    

链霉菌产生的次级代谢产物,如生物碱、萜类、聚酮类、多肽类、糖苷类等一直都是抗感染和抗肿瘤药物的重要来源[1-2]。在过去的几十年中,从链霉菌中发现的具有新骨架或新作用机制的药物越来越少,但基因组测序表明链霉菌具有巨大的生物合成潜力[3]。在实验室常规培养条件下,链霉菌中大部分生物合成基因簇(Biosynthetic Gene Clusters,BGCs)是沉默的,或者表达量极低,这是因为其次级代谢产物的生物合成受到严格调控,这些在常规培养条件下不表达或者表达水平极低的基因簇被称为沉默基因簇[4]。如何有效激活链霉菌中的沉默基因簇、发掘新的次级代谢产物是当前微生物天然产物研究的热点和难点。目前激活链霉菌中沉默基因簇主要通过2种策略:一是通过改变原始宿主的基因型或发酵培养条件以解除对基因簇中基因的转录及次级代谢物生物合成过程中前体、辅因子、抗逆元件生产的抑制,主要包括核糖体工程、对原始菌的基因操作、共培养、单菌株多化合物(One Strain Many Compounds,OSMAC)等[5];二是将目标基因簇导入异源表达宿主中进行异源表达,以避开原始菌中复杂的调控体系,这一过程中使用的技术包括细菌人工染色体[6]、Cas9辅助的目标基因簇直接克隆[7-9]、外切酶与RecET联合使用介导的DNA高效克隆(Exonuclease Combined with RecET Recombination,ExoCET)[10]技术、途径重构[11-13]、链霉菌底盘细胞改造[14]、引入强启动子[15-16]等。

链霉菌中次级代谢产物生物合成的调控机制具有多层级、网络化特征,主要由全局性调控因子和途径特异性调控因子组成[17]。群感效应(Quorum Sensing,QS)起初作为一种细菌群体之间的信息交流机制被发现,近年来,越来越多的研究发现群感效应在链霉菌次级代谢调控中也发挥着重要作用,进一步提高了链霉菌天然产物生物合成调控网络的复杂性[18-20]。链霉菌群感效应是通过其内源性信号分子起作用的,这些信号分子可以在链霉菌菌丝之间及细胞膜内外自由扩散;当信号分子的浓度达到阈值时,就会与受其调控的转录调节蛋白结合,形成转录调节蛋白-信号分子复合物,使蛋白从靶基因的启动子上脱离,从而调节靶基因的转录,调节链霉菌形态分化或次级代谢物的生物合成;因信号分子在链霉菌的形态分化和次级代谢产物的调控中起着关键作用,而且其有效浓度通常在纳摩尔级别,因此又被称为链霉菌的“激素”[21]。通过对信号分子的合成基因或编码其受体蛋白的基因进行操作,或者外源添加合成的信号分子,可以激活链霉菌中的沉默基因簇或提升其次级代谢产物的产量,对于链霉菌天然产物的发现和开发有着重要意义。

1 链霉菌中信号分子的结构

目前发现的链霉菌信号分子根据其化学结构可分为五大类:γ-丁内酯(Gamma-Butyrolactones,GBLs,119)、γ-丁烯内酯(Gamma-Butenolides,2029)、PI因子(Pimaricin-Inducer Factor,PI Factor,30)、二酮哌嗪(Diketopiperazine,31)和呋喃(Methylenomycin Furans Factors,MMFs,3236)[22](图 1)。GBLs是链霉菌中分布最广、数目最多的一类信号分子,γ-丁烯内酯也在许多链霉菌中被发现[23],而目前对PI因子、二酮哌嗪和呋喃类信号分子的研究远少于前2类,因此,本综述以GBLs和γ-丁烯内酯类信号分子为例,介绍了它们的结构、作用机制以及在链霉菌天然产物发现和开发中的应用。

图 1 链霉菌中信号分子的化学结构 Figure 1 Chemical structures of characterized signal molecules from Streptomyces

从链霉菌中鉴定的GBLs包括:灰色链霉菌(Streptomyces griseus)中的A因子(Autoregulatory Factor,A-Factor,1),天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)中的SCB1–8 (29),维吉尼亚链霉菌(Streptomyces virginiae)中的VB A–E (1014),淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)中的IM-2 (15),比基尼链霉菌(Streptomyces bikinensis)和蓝微褐链霉菌(Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus)中的3个Gräfe’s Factors (1618),以及绿色产色链霉菌(Streptomyces viridochromogenes)中的Factor 1 (19)[22, 24]。这些GBLs都具有2, 3-二取代的γ-丁内酯结构,除了Factor 1是目前发现的唯一具有(3S)构型的GBL之外,其他化合物均具有(3R)构型,在C-2位具有不同的侧链,根据6位上基团的不同可分为3类:第1种类型为A因子,其C-6位上是酮基;第2种类型是以SCBs为代表的IM-2型分子,结构特征是C-6位具有一个β-羟基;第3种类型是以VBs为代表的VB型,结构特征是其C-6位是一个α-羟基[25]。目前发现的链霉菌的γ-Butenolides类信号分子共有10种,包括阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)中的阿维内酯(Avenolide,20)[26]、娄彻氏链霉菌(Streptomyces rochei)中的SRB1 (21)和SRB2 (22)[27-28]、白色链霉菌(Streptomyces albus) J1074中的4个丁烯酸内酯(Butenolides,2326)[29]、圈卷产色链霉菌(Streptomyces ansochromogenes)中的SAB1−3 (2729)[30](图 1)。

2 信号分子调控网络简介

链霉菌信号分子调控网络包括信号分子、信号分子合成酶和受体蛋白3个部分[31]。信号分子合成酶负责信号分子的生物合成[32]。目前鉴定的信号分子合成酶以AfsA蛋白和Aco蛋白为代表[26, 30, 33]。信号分子受体属于TetR (The Tetracycline Repressor,TetR)家族,其序列由N端的DNA结合结构域DBD (DNA-Binding Domain)和C端的配体结合域LBD (Ligand-Binding Domain)组成;TetR蛋白通常以同源二聚体的形式结合在目标DNA的启动子区域[18, 21]。此外,还有一种TetR蛋白与信号分子受体具有较高的相似度,但其配体不是信号分子,而是链霉菌产生的其他内源性代谢物,称为“假受体”或“伪受体”[34-36]表 1列出了目前发现的信号分子及其受体[37-38]。目前我们对一些链霉菌中的信号分子,如灰色链霉菌中的A因子、天蓝色链霉菌中的SCBs以及维吉尼亚链霉菌中的VB等的调控网络有了较为深入的了解,这里以A因子级联调控网络为例介绍链霉菌中信号分子调控网络的作用机制。

表 1 链霉菌中信号分子及其合成酶和受体 Table 1 Signal molecules from Streptomyces and their respective synthetases and receptors
菌株
Strains
信号分子
Signal molecules
信号分子合成酶
Synthetase
信号分子受体
Receptor
假受体
Pseudo
receptor
受调控抗生素
Antibiotics
参考文献
References
S. virginiae VB A–E BarX BarA BarB Virginiamycin [35]
S. coelicolor SCB1–3 ScbA ScbR ScbR2 Coelimycin P-1, Act and Red [39]
S. scabies / SscA SscR SscF Thaxtomin [40]
S. fradiae / Aco TylP TylQ Tylosin [41]
S. ambofaciens / Aco AlpZ AlpW Kinamycins, Alpomycin [42]
S. rochei SRB1–2 SrrX SrrA SrrB Lankamycin [27]
S. griseus A-factor AfsA ArpA / Streptomycin, Grixazone [43]
S. tsukubaensis / BulS1 BulR1 BulR2 Tacrolimus [44]
S. venezuelae SVB1 JadW1 JadR3 JadR2 Jadomycin [45]
S. aureofaciens / SagA SagR Aur1R Auricin [46]
S. chattanoogensis / ScgA SprA, SngR / Natamycin [47-48]
S. avermitilis Avenolide Aco AvaR1, AvaR3 AvaR2 Avermectins [49]
S. lavendulae IM-2 FarX FarA FarR2 Showdomycin [50]
S. ansochromogenes SAB1–3 SabA SabR1 SabR2 Nikkomycin [30]
S. coelicolor MMFs MmfL MmfR / Methylenomycin [51]
注:/:信号分子结构未确定
Note: /: Signal molecules unknown

1967年前苏联科学家Khokhlov等首次从灰色链霉菌中发现一种可以促进产孢和诱导链霉素合成的γ-丁内酯化合物,并将其命名为A因子[52-53]。后续的研究[54]发现灰色链霉菌A因子的级联调控主要包括4个部分:(1) A因子及其合成酶AfsA;(2) A因子特异受体ArpA;(3) 受ArpA调控的全局性转录激活子AdpA (A-Factor Dependent Protein);(4) 受AdpA调控的一系列下游基因。其中,A因子受体ArpA具有双重能力,既能结合A因子作为特定配体,又能作为转录抑制因子结合到adpA启动子中;在整个调控网络中,AfsA负责合成A因子,当细胞内的A因子浓度达到阈值时就与ArpA结合,导致ArpA从adpA的启动子区域脱离下来,从而启动adpA的转录,AdpA随即激活受其调控的包括参与形态分化和次级代谢产物生物合成的一系列基因的转录(图 2)[54]。这意味着来自ArpA的信号在这一调控步骤通过AdpA被极大地放大和发散,从而控制了大量参与形态分化和次级代谢的基因的表达[25]

图 2 灰色链霉菌中A因子级联调节网络[54] Figure 2 The A-factor regulatory cascade network in Streptomyces griseus[54] Note: Sm: Streptomycin; GX: Grixazone; PK: A polyketide compound. Solid arrows indicate direct activation, dashed arrows indirect activation, and solid arrows indicate direct inhibition

目前已知的AdpA蛋白的调节子可分为两类:一类是参与形态分化的蛋白,例如AdsA (AdpA-Dependent Sigma Factor)、类似于细菌双组分调节系统中的调控蛋白AmfR、孢子隔膜形成所必需的小酸性蛋白SsgA以及参与气生菌丝形成的SgiA等;另一类是次生代谢产物基因簇中途径特异性的转录调控蛋白,如链霉素(Streptomycin)、黄色素(Grixazone)和未知聚酮基因簇中的StrR、GriR和Orf1等[54]。AdpA还可结合自身的启动子区域,将胞内的AdpA浓度维持在一个稳定的水平;灰色链霉菌通过adpA基因的自我控制来有序调控AdpA调节子的基因转录,以控制复杂的生理和形态分化过程[54]。在这一信号系统中,从A因子受体蛋白ArpA开始的单一信号通路被分成不同的多个靶点,参与链霉菌中次生代谢和形态分化等各种细胞功能,ArpA的靶标只限于单一的全局性转录激活因子adpA,而AdpA控制着许多下游基因的表达[54]。其他链霉菌的GBL调控系统与灰色链霉菌中的A因子调控网络不同,灰色链霉菌中AdpA位于信号分子调控网络的中枢位置,而在天蓝色链霉菌和维吉尼亚链霉菌中,GBL受体蛋白起着中枢调控蛋白的作用,而且SCB和VB等信号分子对于抗生素产生的调控比A因子更为精细[54]

3 信号分子在激活链霉菌沉默基因簇中的应用

在了解链霉菌中信号分子的结构及其作用机制的基础上,通过对编码信号分子合成酶或信号分子受体的基因进行操作,或外源添加链霉菌合成的信号分子,有可能解除信号分子受体对沉默生物合成基因簇的转录抑制,从而发现其合成的次级代谢产物。

3.1 通过敲除信号分子受体激活沉默基因簇

SCBs是天蓝色链霉菌中的信号分子,敲除SCBs受体基因scbR2的突变株可以产生一种新的具有抗菌活性的抗生素Coelimycin A (37)和一种黄色次级代谢物Coelimycin P2 (38)[55]。尽管产二素链霉菌(Streptomyces ambofaciens) ATCC 23877中的信号分子未确定,但其alp基因簇上的调控基因alpZ是GBL受体同源基因,alpW是另一个调控基因,推测可能编码伪GBL受体,alpZ负调控自身的表达及alpW的表达;从这一菌株中原来只发现2种抗生素杀刚果锥虫素(Congocidine)和螺旋霉素(Spiramycin),在敲除alpW后,从突变株里分离出3种已知化合物醌那霉素(Kinamycin) D、C和FL-120B (3941);进一步研究揭示AlpW作为一种转录抑制因子可以抑制alp基因簇在产二素链霉菌生长后期的表达,而在∆alpW突变株中这3种化合物的生物合成基因簇被激活[42]。除了AlpW外,天蓝色链霉菌中的伪GBL受体ScbR2也在生长后期关闭抗生素的产生[55]

娄彻氏链霉菌7434AN4具有与灰色链霉菌类似的GBLs调节系统,其中SrrX合成信号分子SRB1 (21)和SRB2 (22),而SrrB是SRBs的受体;在正常培养条件下娄彻氏链霉菌主要产生2种结构不同的聚酮类抗生素兰卡杀菌素(Lankacidin C)和兰卡霉素(Lankamycin)[56]。敲除兰卡霉素基因簇中Ⅱ型硫酯酶基因lkmE后,兰卡霉素的产量降低70%,而敲除兰卡杀菌素基因簇聚酮合酶(Polyketide Synthase,PKS)基因lkcF中的KR1结构域基因后,突变株不再产生兰卡杀菌素[57-58]。在同时敲除srrBlkmElkcF-KR1之后,从突变株KA57中分离出一种氮氧烯化合物KA57-A (42)[56]。阿维链霉菌中也存在信号分子级联调节网络,阿维内酯(20)是其中的信号分子;在这一调控网络中,AvaR1是阿维内酯的受体,AvaR2和AvaR3是AvaR1的同源蛋白,AvaR2的功能目前还不清楚,而AvaR3在阿维链霉菌的次生代谢和形态分化中起着重要作用,其对阿维菌素(Avermectin)和菲律宾菌素(Filipin)的生产起正调控作用,敲除avaR3的阿维链霉菌突变株中产生了一个新的聚酮化合物Phthoxazolin A (43),表明AvaR3在激活阿维菌素生产的同时还抑制Phthoxazolin A的生物合成[59]

3.2 通过添加外源信号分子合成酶或信号分子激活沉默基因簇

信号分子在不同链霉菌种间可以相互作用。供体链霉菌产生的可扩散信号分子化合物能被其他种类的受体链霉菌识别,从而激活受体链霉菌的次级代谢基因簇表达。在天蓝色链霉菌M145中,信号分子SCB3 (4)调控放线紫红素(Actinorhodin,44)和十一烷基灵菌红素(Undecylprodigiosin,45)的生物合成,而委内瑞拉链霉菌(Streptomyces venezuelae)中信号分子SVB1 (4)调控杰多霉素(Jadomycin) A (46)、B (47)的生物合成[60],随后的研究发现这2种信号分子SVB1和SCB3的结构相同,在委内瑞拉链霉菌中,jadW123编码信号分子4的合成酶,敲除jadW123的委内瑞拉链霉菌中不再产生杰多霉素,而当将委内瑞拉链霉菌∆jadW123突变株与天蓝色链霉菌M145共培养之后可恢复杰多霉素的产生,在委内瑞拉链霉菌发酵培养基中直接添加天蓝色链霉菌M145的发酵液后也可以恢复杰多霉素的产生[61]。同样地,SVB1也可诱导天蓝色链霉菌M145中放线紫红素和十一烷基灵菌红素的产生。浓度为0.25 μmol/L的SVB1能最大限度地诱导这2种抗生素的产生,进一步提高SVB1的浓度则会抑制它们的产生[61]

不同链霉菌之间可以通过信号分子相互影响。白色链霉菌J1074可产生4种不同的阿维内酯类信号分子(2326),而敲除编码酰基辅酶A氧化酶aco基因的阿维链霉菌突变株失去了生产阿维内酯和阿维菌素的能力;当将白色链霉菌J1074与敲除aco基因后的阿维链霉菌突变株共培养后,在发酵液中可检测到阿维菌素,说明白色链霉菌中产生的阿维内酯能刺激阿维链霉菌中阿维菌素(48)的产生[29]

异源表达信号分子合成酶基因也可激活沉默基因簇。微白黄链霉菌(Streptomyces albidoflavus) J1074有GBL受体基因XNR_4681,但是没有GBL生物合成基因[62]。通过将天蓝色链霉菌M145中SCBs的生物合成基因(scbAscbBscbC)在微白黄链霉菌J1074中异源表达后,微白黄链霉菌J1074中合成了SCBs (主要是SCB1和SCB2) (23),并激活了其染色体上糖苷类抗生素保罗霉素(Paulomycins)的基因簇,产生了Paulomenol A (49)、B (50)和Paulomycin A (51)、B (52)[62-63]。虽然XNR_4681与天蓝色链霉菌M145中SCBs的受体ScbR相似度仅为26.8%,但微白黄链霉菌中保罗霉素的产生说明了利用GBL生物合成酶基因或其受体基因异源表达来激活沉默的天然产物生物合成基因簇是可行的。表 2列出了近年来通过这些策略发现的部分链霉菌天然产物,图 3列出了被激活的化合物结构。

表 2 通过操作信号分子相关基因或共培养激活的链霉菌沉默基因簇 Table 2 Activation of silent Streptomyces BGCs by manipulating signal molecule-related genes or cocultivation
信号分子
Signal
molecules
菌株
Strains
信号分子合成酶
Synthetase
信号分子受体Receptor 使用策略
Strategy
产生的抗生素
Antibiotics
参考文献
References
SCB1 S. coelicolor A3(2) ScbA ScbR2 Deletion of scbR2 Coelimycin P2 [55]
/ S. ambofaciens Aco AlpW Deletion of alpW Kinamycins [42]
SCB3 S. venezuelae ΔjadW123 ScbA ScbR2 Cocultivation with S. coelicolor M145 Jadomycin [45]
SCBs S. albidoflavus J1074 / XNR_4681 Heterologous expression of GBL biosynthetic genes Paulomycins [62]
SRBs S. rochei 7434AN4 SrrX SrrA Deletion of srrB, lkmE and lkcF KA57A [56]
Avenolide S. avermitilis / AvaR3 Deletion of avaR3 Phthoxazolin A [59]
Butenolides S. avermitilis Δaco Aco and Cyp17 AvaR1 Co-culture with S. albus J1074 Avermectin [29]
注:/:信号分子或信号分子合成酶未确定
Note: /: The structure or the synthetase for signal molecule remains unknown

图 3 通过操作信号分子相关基因或外源添加信号分子激活链霉菌基因簇分离的天然产物的化学结构 Figure 3 Chemical structures of natural products isolated by activation of silent Streptomyces BGCs via genetic manipulation of signal molecules-related genes or exogenous addition of signal molecules
4 信号分子在天然产物产量提升上的应用 4.1 通过添加化学合成的信号分子提升天然产物产量

虽然信号分子具有较为严格的种属特异性,但它们的一些类似物可以通过化学合成的方法获得,通过在发酵培养基中外源添加这些类似物,有可能调控信号分子网络下游基因的表达,提高天然产物的产量。在天蓝色链霉菌中添加外源合成的SCB分子能显著刺激放线紫红素和十一烷基灵菌红素的合成[60, 64]。在维吉尼亚链霉菌发酵11.5 h时加入300 pg/L化学合成的VB-C,维吉尼亚霉素M和S均提升了9倍[65]。井冈霉素是一种能高效防治水稻纹枯病的农用抗生素[66],在吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus) 5008发酵12 h时添加10 mmol/L化学合成的A因子结构类似物1, 4-Butyrolactone (1, 4-BL)可提高井冈霉素的产量30%左右;在发酵罐实验中,添加1, 4-BL使井冈霉素的产量提高约30%;在工业菌株TL01 (5008的高产诱变菌株)的发酵实验中,添加1, 4-BL显著促进了井冈霉素的合成;进一步的转录数据表明添加1, 4-BL能提高adpAH等A因子级联调控相关同源基因和井冈霉素基因簇的转录水平[67]。必特螺旋霉素(Bitespiramycin)是由螺旋链霉菌(Streptomyces spiramyceticus)产生的大环内酯抗生素,在螺旋链霉菌WS1-195发酵12 h时添加1, 4-BL (1 mmol/L) 发酵3 d后其产量提升27%[68]。普那霉素(Pristinamycin)由普那霉素I (Pristinamycin I,PIA,占30%)和普那霉素II (Pristinamycin II,PIIA,占70%)组成,在其产生菌始旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pristinaespiralis)发酵48 h添加1, 4-BL (2 mmol/L)时普那霉素I的产量提升了约30%,普那霉素II的产量提升了约40%[69]。信号分子阿维内酯(20)在浓度超过4 nmol/L时开始诱导阿维菌素产生,在阿维链霉菌∆aco突变株中添加150 nmol/L的阿维内酯后阿维菌素产量达到了野生型菌株的1.8倍[26]

4.2 通过敲除信号分子受体提升天然产物产量

敲除信号分子受体或同源受体是提升天然产物产量的有力手段。在天蓝色链霉菌A3(2)中敲除scbA之后不产生GBLs,但是提升了放线紫红素和十一烷基灵菌红素的产量[70]。在阿维链霉菌M0中敲除avaR1后,阿维菌素的产量提升了1.75倍[71]。由此表明敲除信号分子受体及同源物是实现提高工业菌种抗生素产量这一目标更为直接有效的方法。在始旋链霉菌Pr11中敲除papR5后,普那霉素的产量提升了3倍[72]。在吸水链霉菌5008中敲除受体基因shbR1shbR3后,井冈霉素产量分别增加了26%和20%,同时敲除shbR1/R3的突变株中井岗霉素生物合成相关基因的转录水平有了明显提高,井冈霉素的产量较野生型提高了55%[73]。在恰塔努加链霉菌(Streptomyces chattanoogensis)中敲除sngR后,纳他霉素(Natamycin)的产量提高了4.6倍[48]。在娄彻氏链霉菌中敲除srrB后,兰卡霉素的产量提升了6倍,兰卡杀菌素的产量提升了9.9倍[37]

4.3 过表达信号分子合成酶提升天然产物产量

他克莫司(Tacrolimus or Fujimycin,FK506)是由筑波链霉菌(Streptomyces tsukubaensis) NRRL18488产生的一种大环内酯类抗生素,广泛应用于自身免疫性疾病的治疗。链霉菌抗生素调控蛋白(Streptomyces Antibiotic Regulatory Protein,SARP)家族调控因子BulZ对筑波链霉菌的孢子分化和他克莫司的产生起正向调控作用,敲除bulZ之后他克莫司产量下降47.5%,孢子分化延迟;研究还发现BulZ能直接激活bulZ和编码GBL合成酶的bulS2基因的转录,并间接激活调控基因tcs7fkbN以及GBL受体基因bulR1的转录;在筑波链霉菌NRRL 18488中过表达bulS2后他克莫司的产量提升了44.6%,过表达bulZ后他克莫司的产量提升了38%,同时过表达bulZbulS2后,他克莫司的产量提升了67.4%;在他克莫司高产菌株TJ-04中共表达bulZ及其靶基因bulS2后他克莫司产量提高了36%[44]。尼莫克汀(Nemadectin)是由蓝灰链霉菌(Streptomyces cyaneogriseus) NMWT1产生的大环内酯抗生素,临床上被用作抗寄生虫药物[74]。尼莫克汀基因簇中存在与阿维链霉菌中同源的信号分子合成基因(scyA1)及受体基因(scyR1),虽然ScyA1和ScyR1分别与阿维链霉菌中Aco和AvaR1具有较高的同源性(相似度分别为63%和70%),但它们调控次级代谢物生物合成的机制又不同于Aco和AvaR1;在阿维链霉菌中,信号分子合成酶Aco对阿维菌素生物合成起正调控作用,受体AvaR1抑制阿维菌素的生产,而在尼莫克汀生物合成过程中ScyA1和ScyR1均为正调控作用,它们的过表达分别将尼莫克汀的产量提升了56%和29%[33]

虽然信号分子合成酶通常对次级代谢产物的生产起正调控作用,一些信号分子合成酶的缺失也能提升链霉菌中次级代谢物的产量。淡紫链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae) FRI-5中farX编码信号分子IM-2 (15)的合成酶,敲除farX的突变株中D-环丝氨酸(D-Cycloserine)产量提高了5倍,表明信号分子IM-2在D-环丝氨酸的生物合成中起负调控作用[75](表 3)。

表 3 利用添加信号分子或操作信号分子相关基因来提升链霉菌天然产物产量的应用 Table 3 Improving the titers of Streptomyces natural products by adding signal molecules or manipulating signal molecule-related genes
信号分子
Signal
molecules
菌株
Strains
产生的抗生素
Antibiotics
产量提升倍数
Titer improved
使用策略
Methods
参考文献
References
1, 4-BL S. hygroscopicus 5008 Validamycin 30% Exogenous addition [67]
S. spiramyceticus F21 Bitespiramycin 29% Exogenous addition [68]
S. pristinaespiralis Pr11 Pristinamycin 30% (PIA) and 40% (PIIA) Exogenous addition [69]
A-factor S. hygroscopicus 5008 Validamycin 55% Deletion of shbR1/shbR3 [73]
Avenolide S. avermitilis Avermectin 1.8-fold Exogenous addition [26]
S. avermitilis Avermectin 1.75-fold Deletion of avaR1 [71]
S. pristinaespiralis Pr11 Pristinamycin 3-fold Deletion of papR5 [72]
IM-2 S. lavendulae FRI-5 D-cycloserine 5-fold Deletion of farX [75]
SCB1 S. coelicolor Actinorhodin and Undecylprodigiosin ~4-fold Exogenous addition [64]
S. coelicolor Actinorhodin and Undecylprodigiosin 10-fold Deletion of scbA [70]
SRBs S. rochei 7434AN4 Lankacidin and lankamycin 9.9- and 6-fold Deletion of srrB [37]
VB-C S. virginiae Virginiamycin M and S 9-fold Exogenous addition [65]
/ S. chattanoogensis Natamycin 4.6-fold Deletion of sngR [48]
/ S. tsukubaensis Tacrolimus 1.36-fold Expression of bulZ and bulS2 [44]
/ S. cyaneogriseus NMWT1 Nemadectin 56% and 29% Overexpression of scyA1 and scyR1 [28]
注:/:信号分子结构未确定
Note: /: Structures of signal molecules remain unknown
4.4 异源表达A因子依赖蛋白Sgr3394提升天然产物产量

Protein-D是一种在A因子产生菌株灰色链霉菌IFO 13350的发酵液中检测到的胞外蛋白,该蛋白根据氨基酸序列被确定为Sgr3394;在A因子缺失的灰色链霉菌突变株HH1中失去了产生Sgr3394的能力,表明该蛋白的表达具有A因子依赖性;将灰色链霉菌IFO 13350中的sgr3394基因在变铅青链霉菌TK21和天蓝色链霉菌A3(2)中用高拷贝质粒进行过表达后,在抑制宿主形态分化的同时提升了宿主中放线紫红素和十一烷基灵菌红素的产量(表 3),进一步研究发现sgr3394的转录受到AdpA级联调控下游的一个蛋白控制;BLAST结果显示Sgr3394仅有8个同源蛋白,这些同源蛋白都是分泌蛋白且均来源于链霉菌属,因此推测Sgr3394及其同源蛋白是链霉菌属特有的蛋白,它们的功能可能与链霉菌次级代谢和形态分化紧密相关[76]

5 结论及展望

链霉菌有巨大的生物合成潜力,目前我们只能发现其合成的一小部分天然产物。许多链霉菌中的生物合成基因簇因受到宿主细胞的严密调控,在实验室常规培养条件下是沉默的,或其表达水平极低。近年来科学家们在持续不断地解析链霉菌形态分化和次级代谢产物生产背后的调控机制,相关的发现也促进了链霉菌中沉默基因簇的激活和新天然产物的发现。群感效应起初作为一种协调细菌群体行为的信号传递机制被发现,后续的研究发现链霉菌中也存在着群感效应,这一效应是通过链霉菌自身分泌的自诱导信号分子介导的。这些信号分子与链霉菌形态分化和次级代谢产物的调控密切相关,也成为激活链霉菌中沉默的生物合成基因簇或提升已分离产物产量的一个有效手段。天蓝色链霉菌A3(2)中的呋喃类信号分子MMFs调控次甲霉素A (Methylenomycin A)的生物合成,最近有研究应用X射线晶体衍射和单颗粒冷冻电镜技术获得了转录抑制因子MmfR-MMFs复合物和MmfR- DNA复合物的三维结构,阐明了在信号分子存在下ArpA类转录抑制因子识别配体、发生信号传导并调控抗生素表达的分子机制[77]。运用X射线晶体衍射和单颗粒冷冻电镜等技术解析信号分子相关蛋白的三维结构,将促进我们对链霉菌中信号分子的产生、传导和识别机制的理解,为链霉菌天然产物的开发提供指导。

本综述在简要介绍链霉菌中信号分子的结构和调控机制的基础上,以GBL和γ-Butenolide两大类信号分子为例,展示了它们在激活链霉菌中沉默生物合成基因簇和提升已发现天然产物产量方面的应用。通过过表达信号分子生物合成酶基因或缺失在次级代谢产物调控网络中起负调控作用的信号分子受体基因,会对链霉菌的形态分化和次级代谢产物的合成产生较大的影响。除了GBL和γ-Butenolide外,链霉菌中其他种类的信号分子也可应用于天然产物开发和产量提升。如在纳塔尔链霉菌(Streptomyces natalensis)发酵48 h时添加210 nmol/L化学合成的PI因子后纳他霉素的产量提升了2.2倍[78]。在金褐链霉菌(Streptomyces aureofuscus) SYAU0709发酵96 h时添加0.4 mmol/L PI因子结构类似物丙三醇后金褐霉素(Aureofuscin)的产量提高了1.5倍[79]。在世里北里孢菌(Kitasatospora setae)中敲除假信号分子受体基因ksbC后,突变株中产生了2种新的化合物β-咔啉生物碱类化合物Kitasetaline和JBIR-133,表明在链霉菌中获得的利用信号分子来激活沉默基因簇的方法也可以应用于其他类型的放线菌[80]

此外,在培养基中外源添加化学合成的信号分子或其类似物,或者异源表达其他链霉菌中已鉴定的信号分子生物合成基因,有望成为一种快速、高效激活不同链霉菌中沉默生物合成基因簇的策略;结合生物信息学分析[81]和基于质谱的代谢物快速检测技术[82],可以极大地提高链霉菌中新天然产物发现的效率。但是,由于信号分子在链霉菌中产生量较低,依靠传统的大规模发酵积累产量分离并不总是可行的,化学合成信号分子是制备的另外一种方法。然而这种方法很容易产生大量外消旋的信号分子,这也说明了用确定的立体化学方法分离信号分子仍然具有挑战性。有研究表明,为了简化激活过程,通过在微白黄链霉菌J1074中外源添加合成的SCBs并未激活保罗霉素的产生,这说明了在链霉菌中外源添加信号分子在开发天然产物和提升产量方面的局限性,因此有必要开发天然和化学合成的信号分子库[62]

目前,可以通过敲除信号分子合成酶的抑制基因[20]、利用敲除信号分子合成酶基因的菌株作为指示菌株的生物测定[83],以及在模式菌株中异源表达信号分子合成酶[25]来发现新的信号分子。这些方法在开发新的信号分子方面提供了有力支撑,为信号分子在链霉菌天然产物发现和开发中的应用奠定了基础。

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