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文章信息
- 梁美玲, 黄麟杰, 刘俏, 龙茹慧, 邓懿祯
- LIANG Meiling, HUANG Linjie, LIU Qiao, LONG Ruhui, DENG Yizhen
- 病原真菌中潜在的铁死亡通路:功能与研究展望
- Potential ferroptosis pathway in pathogenic fungi: reported functions and future perspectives
- 微生物学通报, 2021, 48(11): 4387-4397
- Microbiology China, 2021, 48(11): 4387-4397
- DOI: 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.210186
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文章历史
- 收稿日期: 2021-02-22
- 接受日期: 2021-03-12
- 网络首发日期: 2021-03-30
铁死亡(Ferroptosis)是一种新型的细胞程序性死亡(Programmed Cell Death,PCD)机制,自2012年首次在动物细胞中报道[1]以来,在动物细胞中(包括癌细胞)得到广泛深入研究,为开发治疗癌症及其他相关疾病的新策略和候选药物提供了理论依据[2-4]。但在动物细胞之外,铁死亡研究的相关报道仍非常有限:铁死亡或类似铁死亡的细胞死亡(Ferroptosis-Like Cell Death)近年来相继在拟南芥、水稻和烟草细胞中被发现报道,分别参与了拟南芥根毛细胞在热胁迫过程中触发的类似铁死亡的细胞死亡、烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco Mosaic Virus,TMV)感染引起的烟草细胞死亡及稻瘟病菌入侵抗病水稻品种引起的水稻超敏反应(Hypersensitive Response,HR)[5-7]。在真菌细胞中,明确报道铁死亡存在并行使生物学功能的研究论文,目前仅有近期本课题组与新加坡课题组合作发表的一篇[8]。我们的研究从形态和生物化学角度证实稻瘟病菌附着胞发育过程中,分生孢子的3个细胞依次进行程序性死亡,这一程序性死亡本质为铁死亡,并且为后续附着胞介导的侵染宿主所必需。病原真菌铁死亡的作用与机制研究目前尚处于非常初级阶段,但我们有理由相信,作为一类重要的细胞程序性死亡,其所承担的功能也许比目前已知(报道)的更为广泛。
基于动物细胞研究的结果,可知铁死亡调控目前主要集中在3个方面[3]:(1) 胞内铁稳态调控途径:主要包括膜铁转运蛋白(Ferroportin,FPN)和转铁蛋白受体1 (Transferrin Receptor 1,TFR1),分别调控铁输出和吸收,铁反应元件结合蛋白2 (Iron Responsive Element 2,IREB2;又称为铁调节蛋白,Iron Regulatory Proteins,IRPs)调节上述铁离子通道蛋白或转铁蛋白的mRNA翻译效率或稳定性,从而控制胞内铁离子浓度,核受体共激活因子4 (Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 4,NCOA4)识别并依赖自噬途径降解胞内转铁蛋白,从而释放出游离铁离子。(2) 膜脂抗氧化系统:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (Glutathione Peroxidase 4,GPX4)与铁死亡抑制蛋白1 (Ferroptosis Suppressor Protein 1,FSP1)是2条平行的膜脂抗氧化途径,对这2个系统的抑制则诱导细胞铁死亡的发生。(3) 脂质过氧化:脂氧合酶(Lipoxygenase,LOXs)和环加氧酶(Cyclo- Oxygenase,COXs)催化生成不饱和脂肪酸,促进膜脂过氧化(Lipid Peroxidation);烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核甘酸磷酸氧化酶(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase,NOXs)则通过产生ROS而激发脂质过氧化。我们将上述3个方面归纳,铁死之调控通路简图如图 1所示。
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| 图 1 已报道的铁死亡调控通路简图 Figure 1 Schematic representation of regulatory pathways of ferroptosis |
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除了稻瘟病菌[8],目前在其他病原真菌(包括酵母)中尚无明确报道的细胞铁死亡或类似铁死亡的细胞死亡。但过去大量报道显示,涉及铁死亡调控的上述3个方面中的关键调控因子,在真菌的生长、细胞分化及致病性调控中具有重要作用,提示类似铁死亡机制的存在(表 1)。因此本综述重在归纳并讨论病原真菌中,过去我们并未意识到的、可能受铁死亡调控的致病机制,包括胞内铁离子稳态及膜脂的抗氧化系统/过氧化修饰;并在此基础上归纳一些常规的杀真菌剂,它们的作用靶标包括真菌的铁离子稳态调控系统或膜脂的抗氧化/过氧化修饰系统,即可能通过靶向真菌铁死亡通路而起作用。
| 蛋白名 Name of protein |
已报道功能的真菌(酵母)同源蛋白 Fungal (yeast) orthologs with reported biological functions |
生物学功能(相关参考文献) Biological functions (references) |
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| 铁离子稳态 Iron homeostasis |
膜铁转运蛋白 FPN |
具有序列同源蛋白;尚无功能研究报道 Annotated based on sequence homology; without functional characterization |
未报道 Not reported |
| 转铁蛋白受体1 TFR1 |
具有序列同源蛋白;尚无功能研究报道 Annotated based on sequence homology; without functional characterization |
未报道 Not reported |
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| 核受体共激活因子4 NCOA4 |
未搜索到序列同源蛋白 No sequence homology |
未报道 Not reported |
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| 铁反应元件结合蛋白2/铁调节蛋白IREB2/IRPs | 未搜索到序列同源蛋白 No sequence homology |
未报道 Not reported |
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| 铁转运激活因子 AFT |
酿酒酵母:AFT1-2;白色念珠菌:AFT2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae: AFT1-2 Candida albicans: AFT2 |
响应铁缺乏胁迫,调控铁离子吸收 Response to iron deficiency and regulate iron up-take[9-11] 调控病原真菌过氧化胁迫耐受、菌丝生长、致病性 Regulate oxidative stress tolerance, mycelial growth and pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi[12] |
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| 铁载体1 SIT1 |
光滑念珠菌:SIT1 Candida glabrata: SIT1 |
调控病原真菌抗药性[13]、致病性[14] Regulate drug resistance and pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi |
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| 铁蛋白重链蛋白1 FTH1 |
白色念珠菌:FTH1 Candida albicans: FTH1 |
调控病原真菌铁代谢,并且是铁死亡抑制剂Ciclopirox olamine靶标之一[15] Regulate iron homeostasis of pathogenic fungus; one of acting targets of the established ferroptosis inhibitor, ciclopirox olamine (CPX) |
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| 膜脂抗氧化系统 Anti-oxidant systems of membrane lipids |
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 GPX4 |
酿酒酵母:GPX1-3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae: GPX1-3 |
调控酵母孢子形成和抗过氧化作用[16-20] Regulate spore formation and anti-oxidant in yeast |
| 铁死亡抑制蛋白1/细胞凋亡诱导因子 Fsp1/Aif |
酿酒酵母:AIF 稻瘟病菌:AIF 白色念珠菌:AIF Saccharomyces cerevisiae: AIF Magnaporthe oryzae: AIF Candida albicans: AIF |
调控酵母/病原真菌氧化还原反应、细胞生长和过氧化胁迫耐受[21-23] Regulate redox homeostasis, cell growth and tolerance to oxidative stress in yeast/pathogenic fungi 调控病原真菌细胞程序性死亡[24-26] Regulate programmed cell death in pathogenic fungi |
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| 辅酶Q蛋白10 CoQ10 |
酿酒酵母:CoQ1–CoQ10 土曲霉:CoQ Saccharomyces cerevisiae: CoQ1–CoQ10; Aspergillus terreus: CoQ |
调控酵母细胞生长和线粒体的呼吸作用[27-28] Regulate cell growth and respiration in yeast 调控病原真菌抗药性[29] Regulate drug resistance in pathogenic fungus |
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| 脂质过氧化 Enzyme catalyzed lipid peroxidation |
NADPH氧化酶 NOXs |
稻瘟病菌:NOX1、NOX2-NOXR 构巢曲霉、柄孢壳菌、粗糙脉孢菌:NOXA 新月弯孢霉:NOX2 Magnaporthe oryzae: NOX1, NOX2-NOXR Aspergillus nidulans, Podospora anserina, Neurospora crassa: NOXA Curvularia lunata: NOX2 |
调控稻瘟病菌附着胞的形成和致病性[30];调控稻瘟病菌F-肌动蛋白在细胞骨架上的重新组合[31] Regulate Magnaporthe oryzae appressorium formation and pathogenicity[30]; regulate recoganization of F-actin on cellular skeleton in M. oryzae[31] 调控真菌性别分化[32-34] Regulate sexual differentiation of fungi 调控真菌生长发育和致病性[35] Regulate fungal growth, differentiation and pathogenicity |
| 环加氧酶 COX-2 |
构巢曲霉、烟曲霉菌:PPO 立枯丝核菌:LDS Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus: PPO Rhizoctonia solani: LDS |
调控生长发育与分生孢子形成[36-37] Regulate fungal growth and conidiation |
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| 脂氧合酶 LOXs |
稻瘟病菌:MnLOX 小麦全蚀病菌:MnLOX Magnaporthe oryzae: MnLOX Gaeumannomyces graminis: MnLOX |
在稻瘟病菌附着胞形成阶段显著表达[38];小麦全蚀病菌菌丝分泌[39];均具有氧化膜磷脂不饱和脂肪酸的生化活性,未报道其在真菌致病性调控方面是否具有功能 MnLOX encoding gene was specifically expressed in appressorium formation stage in M. oryzae, and in hyphae of G. graminis. It displayed enzymatic activity in catalyzing oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, but with no reports on its biological function |
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铁是生命活动中的必需微量元素,也是病原真菌细胞分化与致病性的关键调控元素[40]。真菌拥有对细胞内铁含量作出应激反应的机制:在铁缺少时激活多种代谢通路来吸收外源铁,并调动细胞内的铁储备[41];另一方面,铁超载对真菌细胞造成的毒害作用与其激发的胞内过氧化胁迫相关[42],由此引起的细胞死亡有可能是铁死亡。以下分别介绍真菌铁离子转运与调节蛋白的生物学功能。
1.1 铁离子通道与转运蛋白基于蛋白序列同源性,真菌中存在FPN及TFR1蛋白,提示真菌细胞可能通过与动物细胞类似途径控制铁离子外排与吸收;遗憾的是,目前尚无真菌FPN或TFR1同源蛋白的功能研究报道。
另一方面,TFR1受体识别并结合的铁蛋白(Ferritin)主要由2种亚基构成:重链蛋白与轻链蛋白。重链蛋白1 (Ferritin Heavy Chain 1,FTH1)是铁蛋白的主要功能元件[43]。酵母与大部分真菌中没有保守的铁蛋白编码基因。在白色念珠菌中注释到FTH1与TFR1编码基因,而且它们的表达均受已知的铁死亡抑制剂环吡酮(Ciclopirox,CPX)抑制,从而影响其致病性[15],提示铁死亡可能参与调控白色念珠菌的致病性。除了铁蛋白FTH1,真菌铁载体1 (Siderophore Transporter 1,SIT1)也参与调控病原真菌致病性和抗药性[13-14]。
1.2 铁离子响应与调节蛋白动物细胞中调控与铁死亡相关的胞内铁稳态的另外2个关键因子:IREB2/IRPs与NCOA4,在真菌中鉴定不到序列相似性 > 50%的同源蛋白。提示真菌细胞调控铁离子吸收、外排或储存的机制可能不同于IREB2/IRPs介导的mRNA翻译效率和稳定性调控。虽然在酵母异源表达大鼠的铁调节蛋白IRP1和IRP2能调控含有铁应答元件(Iron Response Element,IRE)的报告基因mRNA的翻译效率,提示这一调控机制在酵母细胞中也能工作,但外源铁含量的高低不影响其结合或降解mRNA的活性[44],进一步支持真菌使用不同于IREB2/IRPs的机制调控铁离子浓度。酵母中已报道的响应铁缺乏胁迫从而调控铁离子吸收的关键转录因子是AFT1和AFT2 (Activator of Ferrous Transport,AFT)[10-11],而在白色念珠菌中,AFT2在调控铁代谢、抗过氧化胁迫、宿主表面黏附、菌丝发育等方面起重要作用,并最终调控病原真菌的致病性[12]。
尽管早在2006年,Talbot教授课题组已证实自噬(Autophagy)参与了稻瘟病菌分生孢子程序性死亡的调控[45],但具体的机制并未明确。我们的研究表明自噬通过调控胞内铁离子浓度而调控稻瘟病菌铁死亡[8],因而也首次报道了自噬调控真菌细胞铁死亡的可能性。但真菌NCOA4同源蛋白的缺乏,则提示真菌细胞可能使用不同于NCOA4的其他受体蛋白介导自噬调控胞内铁离子储备的释放。
综上所述,真菌具有与动物细胞同源的铁离子外排通道蛋白FPN及吸收受体蛋白TFR1,但调控这些通道与转运蛋白的机制可能不同于动物细胞。胞内铁离子稳态对于病原真菌致病性具有重要调控作用,但除了稻瘟病菌,目前尚无真菌细胞铁稳态是否与铁死亡相关的报道。
2 真菌膜脂抗氧化系统动物细胞的2个膜脂抗氧化系统:GSH-GPX4系统和FSP1/AIF-CoQ系统,在真菌(包括酵母)中存在并具有重要生物学功能。
2.1 GSH-GPX4抗氧化系统由谷氨酸、甘氨酸和半胱氨酸组成的谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)是机体抗氧化系统必不可少的抗氧化剂[46],能清理细胞内的自由基从而维持细胞的氧化还原动态平衡[47]。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GPX是一种重要的过氧化物分解酶,以消耗GSH为代价减少细胞中的过氧化物。GPX4主要是通过谷胱甘肽作为辅助因子清除机体中的活性氧自由基(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS),催化脂质过氧化物的还原,抑制脂质氧化酶(Lipoxygenase,LOX)的活性,并减少细胞和细胞膜发生过氧化[48-49]。因此,GSH-GPX4途径是抑制铁死亡的关键过程。酿酒酵母具有3种GPX酶同系物:GPX1、GPX2和GPX3,其中GPX2存在于细胞质和线粒体中,参与调控酵母二倍体细胞的孢子形成[17, 20]。GPX3主要对抗脂质过氧化[16],并在镉诱导的氧化应激过程中保护磷脂[18];GPX3缺失时,亚油酸过氧化氢导致磷脂丰度降低,引起细胞毒性[19]。更重要的是,酵母GPX3缺失引起的对氧化剂亚油酸氢过氧化物(Linoleic Acid Hydroperoxide,LAOOH)的敏感性与真菌铁调控转录因子AFT1/2缺失突变体类似,因此我们推测酵母细胞更可能通过GPX3抑制铁死亡。我们报道的稻瘟病菌分生孢子铁死亡对已知靶向GSH-GPX4的铁死亡诱导剂RSL3与Erastin不敏感[8];稻瘟菌基因组也未鉴定到编码GPX4的同源基因,因此我们推测稻瘟病菌可能具有不同于GSH-GPX4的铁死亡调控通路。
2.2 AIF-CoQ介导的膜脂过氧化在动物细胞中最新鉴定到一个独立于GPX4的铁死亡抑制因子FSP1,作为非线粒体辅酶Q (Coenzyme Q,CoQ,也称为泛醌)抗氧化系统的关键成分,通过还原非线粒体CoQ10而阻止脂质氧化[50-51]。因此FSP1-CoQ还原系统成为与GSH-GPX4平行的另一条铁死亡抑制途径。酿酒酵母中CoQ的生物合成受CoQ1–10等蛋白调控,并由此调控细胞呼吸[27-28]。酵母细胞中定位于线粒体的细胞凋亡诱导因子(Apoptosis-Inducing Factor,AIF)则与哺乳动物FSP1具有同源性,作为保守的氧化还原开关,具有促进线粒体的呼吸功能和触发细胞死亡的功能[21]。有研究报道,AIF介导酵母细胞在氧化胁迫下的程序性死亡[22]。aif1缺失导致酵母细胞对H2O2敏感性增强,而aif1过表达则相反[23]。
印度科学家Muzaffar等报道[24],漆树酸(Anacardic Acid,AA)引起的酿酒酵母细胞死亡具备细胞凋亡的形态学特征:细胞膜皱缩、染色体凝聚、DNA降解及细胞膜磷脂磷脂酰丝氨酸(Phosphatidylserine,PS)外翻;但是与保守的细胞凋亡途径不同,AA诱导的酵母细胞死亡不依赖于半胱氨酸蛋白酶Caspase,而由AIF介导。另一方面,AA处理虽然引起胞内ROS水平降低,却导致线粒体膜电势(Mitochondrial Membrane Potential,MMP)显著升高。AA用于抑制稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发与附着胞形成,从而具有抑制稻瘟病的作用,其机制推测为诱导稻瘟病菌细胞凋亡[25],然而该报道中,AA处理导致稻瘟病菌MMP降低而不是升高,与其在酵母细胞中报道的功能相反。针对同个课题组报道的AA在稻瘟病菌与酵母中的作用差异,我们推测可能性包括:(1) AA浓度不同,用于处理酵母细胞的AA浓度范围是0.1−0.8 mmol/L,而处理稻瘟病菌孢子的AA浓度为1−80 mmol/L,二者差别超过10倍,引起的细胞生理变化也许无法直接比较;(2) 检测MMP的时间点不同,酵母细胞被AA处理的首20−25 min时间段,MMP表现为升高,但随着细胞死亡进程MMP表现为降低;而在稻瘟病菌的报道中,MMP在处理2 h后进行检测,也许已经错过了AA诱导MMP升高的时间窗口。除了酿酒酵母与稻瘟病菌,靶向AIF基因而诱导细胞死亡的药物还见于甘草黄酮(Glabridin)处理白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)的报道[26]。这3篇关于靶向真菌AIF诱导PCD的报道,这类PCD均被称为细胞凋亡。主要原因是由于AIF家族基因最初被鉴定、最广为人知的功能,是诱导一类独特的、不依赖于Caspase的细胞凋亡[21, 52]。
然而真菌缺少动物细胞中广泛存在的、保守的BCL-2细胞凋亡通路;少数关于真菌中BCL-2家族或BCL-2相关的永生基因(BCL-2 Associated Athanogene,BAG)家族介导的细胞程序性死亡的报道中,其作用模式也不完全与动物细胞中相同,例如,不与Hsp70蛋白互作[53]。因此我们有理由相信,真菌细胞中这类由AIF家族介导的PCD,也许并不直接等同于动物细胞的凋亡(尽管具备细胞凋亡的一些形态学特征);或者,真菌的这类PCD与细胞凋亡具有一定程度的重叠(Overlap)或串扰(Cross-Talk)。与BCL-2通路在真菌中普遍缺乏相对应的是,AIF家族在真菌中广泛存在而且高度保守。AIF作为线粒体上呼吸作用电子传递链的一个成员,其生化本质是NADH脱氢酶,可绕过线粒体呼吸链复合物I而直接氧化下游的NADH;但AIF同时也具有还原CoQ的功能,这一AIF-CoQ抗氧化途径正是最近报道的不依赖GPX4的细胞铁死亡调控新途径[51]。因此,AA通过抑制真菌AIF而达到的抗真菌功效,是由于对真菌细胞凋亡还是细胞铁死亡的干扰有待进一步研究确证。另一方面,MMP升高也被确立为铁死亡特征之一[54-55]。结合AA处理酵母细胞短时间内引起MMP升高这一现象[24],我们推测,AA引起的酵母细胞死亡也许是铁死亡或类似铁死亡(Ferroptosis-Like),AA也有可能作为铁死亡诱导剂发挥作用。综合真菌(包括酵母)响应靶向AIF的药剂处理引起的细胞死亡这3篇报道,我们认为,应该更有针对性地检测胞内铁离子浓度与脂质过氧化这2个关键指标,进一步确认这类由AIF介导的真菌细胞死亡的类型。对于AA处理降低稻瘟病菌在水稻叶片形成病斑的作用机制,我们认为也许不能简单归因为稻瘟病菌“细胞凋亡”(尚有待确证),特别是,铁死亡已被报道为水稻抗稻瘟病菌侵染的超敏反应的机制[5],因此AA处理水稻叶片可能通过诱导水稻铁死亡从而增强其对稻瘟病的抗性。
通过靶向真菌AIF-CoQ脂膜过氧化系统而起作用的药剂还包括已知的抗真菌剂氟康唑(Fluconazole),转录组分析鉴定其可能通过影响光滑念珠菌(Candida glabrata)的麦角甾醇与CoQ合成而调控脂质过氧化,并通过影响铁离子转运系统而调控胞内铁离子稳态,因此氟康唑的抗真菌作用机制也有可能是诱导真菌铁死亡。然而光滑念珠菌形成生物膜对氟康唑产生抗药性的机制,则可能是负调控铁死亡相关通路[56]。针对紫草醌(Shikonin)处理的土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)的蛋白质组分析,发现作用靶标包括GPX与CoQ这2个抗氧化系统[29]。逐渐积累的研究报道提示,真菌的膜脂抗氧化系统有可能是多种抗真菌药剂作用的有效靶标(表 2),提示真菌铁死亡可能参与生长发育和/或致病性调控并成为真菌病害防控的潜在靶标。
| 抗真菌剂 Anti-fungus drugs |
作用靶标 Target(s) of action |
参考文献 References |
| 漆树酸Anacardic acid | 酵母、稻瘟病菌:AIF Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Magnaporthe oryzae: AIF |
[24-25] |
| 甘草黄酮Glabridin | 白色念珠菌:AIF Candida albicans: AIF |
[26] |
| 氟康唑Fluconazole | 光滑念珠菌:不饱和脂肪酸麦角甾醇合成;CoQ合成;铁离子转运系统 Candida glabrata: Synthesis of ergosterol and CoQ; iron transport system |
[56] |
| 紫草醌Shikonin | 土曲霉:GPX和CoQ Aspergillus terreus: GPX and CoQ |
[29] |
直接催化膜脂过氧化的COXs与LOXs、或者催化胞内ROS产生间接促进膜脂过氧化的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase,NOXs),在真菌中均有同源蛋白,并广泛参与调控真菌致病过程。
3.1 还原型辅酶Ⅱ氧化酶(NOXs)研究发现,ROS对病原真菌的生长、发育和致病过程至关重要[57],NADPH氧化酶(NOXs)在控制ROS的生成过程中起着核心作用。在真菌中,NOXs调控ROS的合成影响细胞分化、发育和致病过程[35, 58]。NOXA可通过生成ROS而促进子实体发育,从而影响真菌性别分化[32-34]。在稻瘟病菌中,NOX1和NOX2是致病所必需的[30]。稻瘟病菌在侵染过程中,分生孢子会萌发形成附着胞并产生侵染钉刺入宿主表皮细胞,NADPH氧化酶通过催化产生大量的脂质过氧化物和ROS调控Septin介导的F-肌动蛋白在细胞骨架上的重新组合来促进角质层的破裂,从而加速病原侵入[30-31]。本课题组最近的报道则确定了NOXs催化产生的ROS可诱发稻瘟病菌分生孢子脂质过氧化、进而激发铁死亡[8]。我们推测,其他病原真菌的NOXs调控致病性的机制也可能包括细胞铁死亡调控。
3.2 环加氧酶2 (COX-2)生物体响应外源环境信号或内源生理信号,会激发胞内多不饱和脂肪酸氧化形成氧脂素(如前列腺素和茉莉酸等)作为信号分子广泛参与调控动植物的多种生理过程[59-60]。环加氧酶COX是合成前列腺素类化合物的重要限速酶,COX有3种同工酶:结构型COX-1、COX-3和诱导型COX-2,其中COX-2主要催化膜磷脂中不饱和脂肪酸发生氧化反应,执行铁死亡步骤[61]。多种真菌中均鉴定到COX-2的同源基因,其编码产物为亚油酸酯二醇合成酶(Linoleate Diol Synthase,LDS),LDS催化合成的产物主要为8-羟基十八烷-9Z, 12Z-二烯酸(8-Hydroxyoctadeca-9Z, 12Z-Dienoic Acid,8-HODE)[62-66],具有调控真菌的有性和无性生命周期、分生孢子形成等生物学功能[36-37]。
3.3 脂氧合酶(LOXs)脂氧合酶(LOXs)属于非血红素双加氧酶家族,是一类专一催化多元不饱和脂肪酸加氧反应的含铁或锰的氧化酶[67]。LOXs广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中[39, 68-69],与植物的生长、发育和抗病性密切联系[70]。LOXs在多种病原真菌及酵母中均鉴定到同源蛋白,并广泛调控真菌致病性及与植物宿主的互作[39, 67, 71-72]。1998年,Su等经研究发现,小麦根系致病性真菌Gäumannomyces graminis能分泌一种催化18C脂肪酸的含锰脂氧合酶,并将其命名为Mn-LOX[73];后续大量研究表明其催化产物可能干扰宿主细胞在感染时的信号级联,从而对根细胞造成氧化损伤,并可能因此促进病原真菌侵染宿主[39, 67, 74-75]。黄曲霉(A. flavus)和榆枯萎病菌(Ceratocystis ulmi)中LOX催化产生的Oxylipin也被认为是群体感应的信号且调控产孢与致病性[76-77]。稻瘟病菌在附着胞形成阶段高度表达并分泌脂氧合酶Mn-LOX[38];我们报道了在附着胞形成与成熟阶段,稻瘟病菌分生孢子需经历铁死亡[8],而此阶段表达并分泌的Mn-LOX是否参与调控分生孢子铁死亡有待将来研究解答。
综上所述,NOXs、COX-2和LOXs在真菌中均催化脂质过氧化,而且与真菌的生长发育、致病性密切相关;但目前仅在稻瘟病菌中,明确了NOXs可通过调控分生孢子铁死亡而调控侵染能力,尚不明确COX2与LOXs是否也能调控真菌铁死亡。
4 总结与展望自2012年铁死亡概念首次在动物细胞中提出,不到十年已积累了大量关于动物细胞铁死亡的研究与报道,由此确立了大量诱导或抑制铁死亡的化学药剂、调控铁死亡的信号网络与关键功能基因、明确了铁死亡在多种病理条件下的功能。但在动物细胞之外,铁死亡的研究尚属冷门,特别是真菌(包括酵母)研究领域。通过检索动物细胞铁死亡调控因子在真菌中的同源蛋白及这些同源蛋白的功能研究报道,我们推测铁死亡在病原真菌中可能承担的生理功能,也许并不限于我们首次报道的稻瘟病菌分生孢子程序性死亡与致病过程细胞分化;过去在关于病原真菌报道中的铁离子稳态和/或胞内氧化还原平衡对于致病力调控的机制,也许与细胞铁死亡相关,只是受限于当时并未建立“铁死亡”的概念。因此我们认为,病原真菌中的铁死亡功能目前可能是被低估的,在将来也许能成为研究真菌致病机制的一个新的方向。因此,继续深入研究病原真菌铁死亡,将为病害防控策略的选择与优化提供新的思路;铁死亡的抑制剂或激活剂具有开发成为真菌病害防控药剂的巨大潜力。
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2021, Vol. 48



