微生物学通报  2016, Vol. 43 Issue (3): 504-509

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石小玉, 张宁, 宁娜, 员超, 倪金凤
SHI Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Ning, NING Na, YUN Chao, NI Jin-Feng
一株培菌白蚁后肠木聚糖降解细菌的分离与鉴定
Isolation and identification of xylan-degradation bacteria from hindgut of fungus-growing termite
微生物学通报, 2016, 43(3): 504-509
Microbiology China, 2016, 43(3): 504-509
10.13344/j.microbiol.china.150457

文章历史

收稿日期: 2015-06-12
接受日期: 2015-08-18
优先数字出版日期(www.cnki.net): 2015-09-17
一株培菌白蚁后肠木聚糖降解细菌的分离与鉴定
石小玉, 张宁, 宁娜, 员超, 倪金凤     
山东大学 微生物技术国家重点实验室 山东 济南 250100
摘要: 【目的】从培菌白蚁——黄翅大白蚁肠道微生物菌群中分离能降解木聚糖的细菌。【方法】以木聚糖为唯一碳源,利用刚果红染色,根据透明圈大小进行筛选。通过显微形态,革兰氏染色及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行菌株鉴定。二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定细菌生长过程中木聚糖酶酶活变化,比较酶活与菌株生长状况的关系。【结果】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中筛选到一株具有较高木聚糖降解活性的革兰氏阳性菌Mb1,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明为类芽孢杆菌属细菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp. Mb1。该菌培养72 h后菌体浓度达到最高,木聚糖酶酶活主要存在于培养液上清中,酶活在对数期增长快,在培养96 h时达到最高值,之后趋于稳定。【结论】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中分离出一株具有较高木聚糖酶活的类芽孢杆菌,可作为产细菌木聚糖酶的潜在优良菌株。
关键词: 黄翅大白蚁    木聚糖酶    类芽孢杆菌    
Isolation and identification of xylan-degradation bacteria from hindgut of fungus-growing termite
SHI Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Ning, NING Na, YUN Chao, NI Jin-Feng     
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, shandong 250100, China
Received: June 12, 2015; Accepted: August 18, 2015; Published online (www.cnki.net): September 17, 2015
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31272370); National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2011CB707402)
Corresponding author: Tel: 86-531-86363323; E-mail: jinfgni@sdu.edu.cn
Abstract: [Objective] The study aims to isolate and identify xylan-degradation bacteria from the gut of a fungus-growing termite——Macrotermes barneyi. [Methods] Using an oligotrophic medium containing birchwood xylan as the only carbon source and Congo red activity staining method, we obtained a xylan-degradation bacteria based on the transparent zone around the clone and the bacteria was identified by microscope morphology, Gram-staining and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. To learn the distribution of the xylanase, cell growth curve and xylanase assay of intercellular and extracellular activities were investigated using DNS method. [Results] The xylan-degradation strain, isolated from the gut of M. barneyi, was named as Paenibacillus sp. Mb1. The strain grew to a high level at 72 h. Paenibacillus sp. Mb1 secreted extracellular xylanase at a rapid rate in the exponential phase, and reached to the maximal xylanase production at 96 h, then kept steady until the end of Mb1 cultivation. [Conclusion] Paenibacillus sp. Mb1 with high xylanolytic activity have been isolated from the hindgut of M. barneyi. It might be a good candidate strain in studying termite xylan degradation and biomass conversion.
Key words: Termite    Xylanase    Paenibacillus sp.    

木质纤维素中的半纤维素含量约占20%-30%,是自然界中含量仅次于纤维素的成分。半纤维素中含量最丰富的成分是木聚糖[1],木聚糖是植物细胞中一种主要的结构多糖,是自然界含量位居第二位的多糖,约占可再生有机碳源的1/3[2]。木聚糖酶是将木聚糖降解成低聚木糖和木糖的一类水解酶。已知产木聚糖酶的生物很多,如细菌、酵母、放线菌、真菌等微生物[3, 4, 5, 6],另外蜗牛、海洋藻类、陆生植物组织、反刍动物瘤胃及白蚁也具有木聚糖酶[1, 4, 7]。白蚁是热带和亚热带地区木质纤维素的重要分解者[8]。白蚁约有2 800多种,不同的白蚁种类,其木质纤维素酶分布及降解机制不同[4]。截止目前研究,一般认为白蚁自身不产木聚糖酶。在低等白蚁后肠存在由其共生原生动物分泌的木聚糖酶[9],最近报道从低等白蚁中分离到具有木聚糖等多糖降解活性的细菌[10]。高等白蚁肠道不含原生动物,其共生的细菌可能在木聚糖降解中发挥重要作用。宏基因组研究分析发现高等食木白蚁后肠有丰富的木质纤维素降解基因[11],通过构建后肠微生物fosmid文库从高等白蚁后肠中获得具有木聚糖基因的克隆[12, 13]。黄翅大白蚁是广泛分布于我国南方的高等培菌白蚁,本文以黄翅大白蚁后肠为材料,通过常规的平板活性筛选方法,分离到一株具有木聚糖降解活性的微生物,进一步对其进行了鉴定和初步的酶活性分析。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料 1.1.1 样品:黄翅大白蚁取自湖南省耒阳市木兰村,采样后立即冻存于-80 ℃,所用感受态细胞为自制大肠杆菌感受态Escherichia coli DH5α;测序载体为质粒pMD18T vector (Takara公司)。

1.1.2 培养基及主要试剂:基本盐培养基[14]:磷酸二氢钾0.20 g/L,氯化铵0.25 g/L,氯化钾0.50 g/L,二水氯化钙0.15 g/L,氯化钠1.00 g/L,醋酸钠2.46 g/L,六水氯化镁0.62 g/L,硫酸钠2.84 g/L,4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES) (pH 6.8) 10 mmol/L,微量元素溶液1 mL,维生素溶液1 mL。其中,微量元素溶液所含成分为:四水氯化亚铁1.50 g/L,六水氯化钴190 mg/L,四水氯化锰100 mg/L,氯化锌70 mg/L,锰酸6 mg/L,二水钼酸钠 36 mg/L,一水氯化镍24 mg/L,一水氯化钙2 mg/L,盐酸(25%,体积比) 10 mL;维生素溶液中的成分为(mg/L):4-氨基苯甲酸40,生物素10,烟酸100,泛酸钙50;微量元素溶液和维生素溶液过滤除菌后于4 ℃保存。选择培养基是在去除醋酸钠的基本盐培养基中加入0.2%的桦木木聚糖。产酶培养基是在选择培养基基础上加入0.1%蛋白胨。3,5-二硝基水扬酸(DNS)试剂配制见参考文献[15]。Taq酶购自Trans公司;桦木木聚糖和燕麦木聚糖购自Sigma公司;蛋白胨购自Oxoid公司;引物合成及PCR产物测序由北京六合华大基因科技股份有限公司完成。

1.2 样品处理及菌株的分离 1.2.1 样品处理:在无菌条件下,将50只黄翅大白蚁工蚁在超净台解剖,将获得的后肠放置于1.5 mL离心管,并用灭菌的研磨棒研磨至无可见颗粒,作为后肠微生物培养样品。以0.5%接种量接种黄翅大白蚁后肠微生物样品至5 mL选择培养基中,30 ℃、150 r/min培养2 d至木聚糖降解较完全后,以2%接种量转接入5 mL新的选择培养基中,于30 ℃、150 r/min进行第2次富集培养。

1.2.2 菌落筛选:第2次富集的样品用选择培养基进行梯度稀释,取稀释104和105倍的培养液100 μL分别涂布于选择培养基平板上,30 ℃培养3 d,再挑取单菌落至新的选择培养基上,30 ℃继续培养,3 d后通过平板上可见的透明区域并结合刚果红活性染色挑选克隆。刚果红染色具体方法为:70%乙醇洗去菌落,用0.3%的刚果红溶液染色20 min,然后用1 mol/L NaCl脱色20 min。挑选水解圈大的菌落进行划线分离,并且进行选择平板筛选和刚果红活性验证,观察水解圈的大小,选择木聚糖活性高的菌株。

1.3 菌株鉴定 1.3.1 革兰氏染色与镜检:革兰氏染色方法见参考文献[16]。

1.3.2 基因组DNA提取和16S rRNA基因扩增及序列分析:用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)法提取基因组DNA。具体步骤如下:在菌体中加入200 μL的裂解缓冲液(50 mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH 8.0;25 mmol/L EDTA;3% SDS;1% CTAB,1.2% PVP),65 ℃水浴50 min;然后加入800 μL CTAB提取缓冲液(10 mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH 8.0;1 mmol/L EDTA;0.3 mmol/L醋酸钠;2% CTAB,1.2% PVP)。每5 min轻轻振荡20 s,重复4次后,8 000 r/min离心20 min取上清;加入等体积的酚:氯仿溶液,混匀后

8 000 r/min离心10 min取上清,重复该步骤1-2次至不出现蛋白层为止;之后取上清;-20 ℃沉淀大于1 h后离心弃上清,用70%乙醇洗涤沉淀2次后,置于室温中干燥15 min,加入30-50 μL ddH2O,作为提取的该菌株的基因组。16S rRNA基因扩增引物分别是27f (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)。PCR反应体系:0.2 mL EP管中加入1 μL DNA,10 μmol/L上下游引物各1 μL,10×PCR buffer 5 μL,2.5 mmol/L dNTPs 4 μL,5 U/μL Taq酶0.5 μL,加ddH2O使终体积为50 μL,混合均匀。反应条件:94 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 40 s,60 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 2 min,30个循环;72 ℃ 5 min。PCR产物通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。序列测序并进行相似性比较(http://sw.ezbiocloud.net/ezeditor/)。利用ClustalX 1.81软件进行多序列比对,用MEGA 5.0软件计算进化距离,Neighbor-Joining法构建系统发育树。

1.4 菌株生长曲线与产酶性质测定 1.4.1 液体培养:将菌株接种到含5 mL产酶液体培养基的试管中,30 ℃、150 r/min培养约16 h。按1%的接种量转接到含有100 mL产酶培养基的三角瓶中。30 ℃、150 r/min摇床培养,培养至菌浓度不再变化,期间每隔12 h取菌液,测OD600吸光值并绘制生长曲线。

1.4.2 菌株木聚糖酶的测定:(1) 酶液准备:用1.4.1中的培养菌液,每隔12 h取1 mL菌液,经4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液和菌体,菌体经裂解后8 000 r/min离心10 min取上清作为菌体粗酶液。(2) 酶反应体系:1%的燕麦木聚糖200 μL与50 μL稀释过的酶液充分混合;然后37 ℃恒温反应30 min;反应结束后,加入100 µL DNS溶液,在沸水浴中反应5 min后,立即放置于冰水混合物中;充分冷却后,补加蒸馏水650 μL使反应终体系为1 mL,测定OD520吸光值,做3个平行反应。同时做酶反应对照,在加入200 μL底物的EP管中先加100 μL DNS溶液,然后加入50 μL酶液,沸水浴反应5 min,之后步骤同前。(4) 酶活性定义:一个酶活性单位(U)定义为在37 ℃、pH 5.5的反应条件中,每分钟产生1 μmol还原糖所需要的酶量。

2 结果与分析 2.1 白蚁后肠木聚糖降解微生物的富集和分离纯化

如1.2所述,通过选择培养基富集培养黄翅大白蚁后肠样品,104稀释度下的第2次富集培养液,在选择培养平板上长出约200个菌落。根据木聚糖降解圈大小,并结合刚果红染色筛选得到一个活性高的菌落,多次划线后获得纯菌株。在选择培养基上生长5 d的菌落,可直接看到降解圈(图 1A),刚果红染色结果如图 1B所示,纯化的菌株被命名为Mb1。

图 1 培养于选择培养基的菌株Mb1 (A)和其刚果红染色(B) Figure 1 The clone Mb1 growing in the selective medium (A) and its congo red staining (B)
2.2 菌株Mb1的分类鉴定 2.2.1 生长、形态及革兰氏染色:菌株Mb1菌落呈白色,圆形,具有清晰边缘,点种在基本盐培养基平板上,30 ℃培养5 d,水解圈直径约为2 cm。Mb1革兰氏染色显示为阳性,细胞呈杆状。

2.2.2 菌种鉴定:菌株Mb1的16S rRNA基因序列长度为1 537 bp,序列分析与BLAST比对结果表明该序列与Paenibacillus属菌相似性大于98.0%。Mb1和相关菌的系统发育树如图 2所示,可以看到Mb1与Paenibacillus cellulosilyticus strain PALXIL08亲缘关系最近,综合以上形态及生理生化特征,可以初步确定Mb1为类芽孢杆菌属细菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp. Mb1,GenBank登录号为KP259556。

图 2 基于16S rRNA基因序列建立的Mb1和相关菌株的系统发育树 Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree based on the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of Mb1 and other strains
2.3 菌株Mb1生长与产酶关系

对菌株Mb1在产酶培养基中的生长情况进行测定,从菌株Mb1的生长与产酶关系曲线可看出(图 3),培养24 h后细菌菌体浓度达到较高水平,72 h时菌体浓度最高,OD600吸光值为1.536,96 h时菌体浓度降至OD600值为1.166,此时胞外上清酶活为4.635 U/mL,在随后的培养中,菌体浓度维持在OD600值1.300左右,胞外上清酶活3.75 U/mL左右。细菌菌体浓度和胞外木聚糖酶酶活,在长达11 d的培养中基本保持稳定;另外同时所测的胞内菌体酶活保持在0.544 U/mL以下,提示菌株Mb1产生的木聚糖酶属于分泌型表达。Mb1在产酶培养基中生长时,前48 h由于培养基中含有蛋白胨,细菌快速生长,72 h时达到最大菌体浓度。在此过程中,上清中木聚糖酶活力处于较低水平,木聚糖利用不充分。随着Mb1继续培养,蛋白胨逐渐消耗殆尽,木聚糖作为培养基中的碳源,诱导菌体的木聚糖酶产生增加,并在随后细菌的培养过程中保持酶活稳定(图 3)。

图 3 Mb1生长及木聚糖活性曲线 Figure 3 Growth curve and xylanase activity of Mb1
3 讨论

本文从高等培菌白蚁——黄翅大白蚁后肠分离到一株具有较强木聚糖降解能力的类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp. Mb1)。类芽孢杆菌属于厚壁菌门,芽孢杆菌纲,芽孢杆菌目,芽孢杆菌科,类芽孢杆菌属。454高通量测序表明厚壁菌门是培菌白蚁后肠优势微生物之一,但目前为止尚没有该门微生物从培菌白蚁直接分离的报道[17]。已知具有木聚糖降活性的类芽孢杆菌可以从污泥、堆肥、纸浆黑液、森林土壤、稻田等多种环境中分离得到[18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24],另外有报道从食木白蚁肠道中分离到一株类芽孢杆菌[25]。培菌白蚁是一类体外与真菌共生而体内与细菌共生的高等白蚁[26],培菌白蚁、真菌和细菌三者如何协同降解木质纤维素一直是个谜。早期研究报道真菌给培菌白蚁提供纤维素酶[27],最近研究发现培菌白蚁自身可分泌产生纤维素降解酶,如内切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶[28, 29],但尚未有白蚁自身分泌木聚糖酶的报道,而近年来的宏基因组研究报道培菌白蚁后肠有丰富的木质纤维素降解酶基因[13, 30]。本研究通过活性筛选的方法,直接从黄翅大白蚁肠道分离到产生木聚糖活性的类芽孢杆菌,暗示该微生物分泌的木聚糖酶可能参与黄翅大白蚁后肠的半纤维素降解过程,其作用可能类同低等白蚁后肠原生动物产生的木聚糖酶[9]。对类芽孢杆菌Mb1的进一步研究有助于了解培菌白蚁木质纤维素降解机制。

类芽孢杆菌Mb1是从以桦木木聚糖(Birchwood xylan)为唯一碳源的选择平板上筛选出来的,但是Mb1对多种木聚糖底物包括燕麦木聚糖(Oatspelt xylan)、榉木木聚糖(Beechwood xylan)都有降解活性。类芽孢杆菌Mb1分泌产生胞外木聚糖酶,与之前报道的白蚁肠道木聚糖降解菌相比,木聚糖酶活保持较长时间[25]。目前报道的木聚糖酶活是在基本培养基条件下获得的酶活,通过调整培养基中碳源和氮源比例等方法优化培养基,并将培养条件最适化,酶活有望进一步提高。

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